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Zerillo L, Polvere I, Stilo R, Vito P, Rinaldi M, Zotti T, Costagliola C. Diverse effects of synthetic glucocorticoid species on cell viability and stress response of neuroblastoma cells. Neuroscience 2024; 554:1-10. [PMID: 39002754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapeutics in multiple pathological conditions. However, compelling evidence indicates that they might promote neurodegeneration by altering mitochondrial homeostatic processes. Although the effect of dexamethasone on cell survival and homeostasis has been widely investigated, the effect of other glucocorticoids needs to be explored in more detail. In this report, we have compared the neurotoxicity induced by dexamethasone, prednisolone, betamethasone, and hydrocortisone in cultured neuroblastoma cells, through the analysis of several parameters such as cell viability, ER stress, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial fusion and fission markers. Interestingly, we have found that synthetic glucocorticoids may impact neuronal viability by affecting different cellular responses, suggesting that their therapeutic use should be consciously decided after careful consideration of benefits and detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy; Genus Biotech, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | | | - Romania Stilo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy; Genus Biotech, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Michele Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy.
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
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2
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Iliaki S, Kreike M, Ferreras Moreno N, De Meyer F, Aidarova A, Braun H, Libert C, Afonina IS, Beyaert R. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a novel CARD14-binding protein in keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116316. [PMID: 38797267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing protein 14 (CARD14) is an intracellular protein that mediates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB) signaling and proinflammatory gene expression in skin keratinocytes. Several hyperactivating CARD14 mutations have been associated with psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases. CARD14-induced NF-ĸB signaling is dependent on the formation of a CARD14-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex, but upstream receptors and molecular mechanisms that activate and regulate CARD14 signaling are still largely unclear. Using unbiased affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) screening, we discover polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a novel CARD14-binding protein. CARD14-PLK1 binding is independent of the CARD14 CARD domain but involves a consensus phospho-dependent PLK1-binding motif in the CARD14 linker region (LR). Expression of the psoriasis-associated CARD14(E138A) variant in human keratinocytes induces the recruitment of PLK1 to CARD14-containing signalosomes in interphase cells, but does not affect the specific location of PLK1 in mitotic cells. Finally, disruption of the PLK1-binding motif in CARD14(E138A) increases CARD14-induced proinflammatory signaling and gene expression. Together, our data identify PLK1 as a novel CARD14-binding protein and indicate a negative regulatory role for PLK1 in CARD14 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Iliaki
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marja Kreike
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Ferreras Moreno
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Mouse Genetics and Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Femke De Meyer
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aigerim Aidarova
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Harald Braun
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Mouse Genetics and Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inna S Afonina
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Giannaccare G, Vaccaro S, Borselli M, Rossi C, Carnovale Scalzo G, Scalia G, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C, Zerillo L, Polvere I, Vito P, Zotti T, Stilo R, Scorcia V. A Novel Ophthalmic Solution Containing Glicopro ® Complex for the Treatment of Patients with Dry Eye Disease: Results from a Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1447. [PMID: 38592312 PMCID: PMC10932378 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by an imbalance in ocular surface homeostasis, and tear substitutes constitute the first line of treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in the signs and symptoms of patients with DED treated with a novel tear substitute containing the GlicoPro® complex. (2) Methods: Patients with DED not successfully responding to other tear substitutes were enrolled and treated with a novel ophthalmic solution (two drops four times daily). Patients were examined before starting the study treatment (T0) and after 30 (T1) and 60 (T2) days of treatment by means of Keratograph for the evaluation of the following: (i) tear meniscus height (TMH); (ii) noninvasive Keratograph break-up time (NIKBUT); (iii) bulbar redness; and (iv) infrared meibography. The SANDE questionnaire was administered to assess ocular discomfort symptoms. Analysis of the tear content of proenkephalin and Met/Leu-enkephalin was also performed. (3) Results: At T2, a significant improvement in NIKBUT first, average, and class, TMH, and SANDE score was found. The tear content of proenkephalins was significantly higher at T1, whereas processed active Met/Leu-enkephalins increased at both T1 and T2. (4) Conclusions: Our novel tear substitute based on GlicoPro® resulted in a significant improvement in ocular discomfort symptoms, tear volume, and stability in the patients treated. The increase in active peptides processed in tears may represent the pathophysiological substrate underlying this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giannaccare
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (G.C.S.); (G.S.); (V.S.)
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Vaccaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (G.C.S.); (G.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Massimiliano Borselli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (G.C.S.); (G.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Costanza Rossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (G.C.S.); (G.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Giovanna Carnovale Scalzo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (G.C.S.); (G.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Giovanni Scalia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (G.C.S.); (G.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-NEUROFARBA-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (L.Z.); (I.P.); (P.V.); (T.Z.); (R.S.)
- Genus Biotech Srls, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Immacolata Polvere
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (L.Z.); (I.P.); (P.V.); (T.Z.); (R.S.)
- Genus Biotech Srls, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (L.Z.); (I.P.); (P.V.); (T.Z.); (R.S.)
- Genus Biotech Srls, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (L.Z.); (I.P.); (P.V.); (T.Z.); (R.S.)
- Genus Biotech Srls, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Romania Stilo
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (L.Z.); (I.P.); (P.V.); (T.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Scorcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (G.C.S.); (G.S.); (V.S.)
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Costache RS, Georgescu M, Ghilencea A, Feroiu O, Tiplica SG, Costache DO. The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MILITARY MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.55453/rjmm.2023.126.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
"Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with genetic determinism characterized by the presence of welldefined, erythematous plaques, covered by white, pearly, stratified scales, located on the extension areas, the skin of the scalp, intertriginous regions. The origin of psoriasis is multifactorial, involving hereditary and environmental pathogenic mechanisms. It is triggered by various risk factors involving a variety of processes, such as inflammation, antigen presentation, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. "
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca S. Costache
- Discipline of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Georgescu
- Dermatology Clinic, Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina Ghilencea
- Dermatology Clinic, Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Feroiu
- Dermatology Clinic, Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin G. Tiplica
- Discipline of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital & Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel O. Costache
- Discipline of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital & Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Donnarumma F, Tucci V, Ambrosino C, Altucci L, Carafa V. NAA60 (HAT4): the newly discovered bi-functional Golgi member of the acetyltransferase family. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:182. [PMID: 36539894 PMCID: PMC9769039 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin structural organization, gene expression and proteostasis are intricately regulated in a wide range of biological processes, both physiological and pathological. Protein acetylation, a major post-translational modification, is tightly involved in interconnected biological networks, modulating the activation of gene transcription and protein action in cells. A very large number of studies describe the pivotal role of the so-called acetylome (accounting for more than 80% of the human proteome) in orchestrating different pathways in response to stimuli and triggering severe diseases, including cancer. NAA60/NatF (N-terminal acetyltransferase F), also named HAT4 (histone acetyltransferase type B protein 4), is a newly discovered acetyltransferase in humans modifying N-termini of transmembrane proteins starting with M-K/M-A/M-V/M-M residues and is also thought to modify lysine residues of histone H4. Because of its enzymatic features and unusual cell localization on the Golgi membrane, NAA60 is an intriguing acetyltransferase that warrants biochemical and clinical investigation. Although it is still poorly studied, this review summarizes current findings concerning the structural hallmarks and biological role of this novel targetable epigenetic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Donnarumma
- grid.428067.f0000 0004 4674 1402Biogem, Molecular Biology and Genetics Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Valeria Tucci
- grid.428067.f0000 0004 4674 1402Biogem, Molecular Biology and Genetics Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy ,grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Vico De Crecchio7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- grid.428067.f0000 0004 4674 1402Biogem, Molecular Biology and Genetics Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy ,grid.47422.370000 0001 0724 3038Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- grid.428067.f0000 0004 4674 1402Biogem, Molecular Biology and Genetics Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy ,grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Vico De Crecchio7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carafa
- grid.9841.40000 0001 2200 8888Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Vico De Crecchio7, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Panels of mRNAs and miRNAs for decoding molecular mechanisms of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) subtypes utilizing Artificial Intelligence approaches. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16393. [PMID: 36180558 PMCID: PMC9525704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) encompasses three histological subtypes, including clear cell RCC (KIRC), papillary RCC (KIRP), and chromophobe RCC (KICH) each of which has different clinical courses, genetic/epigenetic drivers, and therapeutic responses. This study aimed to identify the significant mRNAs and microRNA panels involved in the pathogenesis of RCC subtypes. The mRNA and microRNA transcripts profile were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which were included 611 ccRCC patients, 321 pRCC patients, and 89 chRCC patients for mRNA data and 616 patients in the ccRCC subtype, 326 patients in the pRCC subtype, and 91 patients in the chRCC for miRNA data, respectively. To identify mRNAs and miRNAs, feature selection based on filter and graph algorithms was applied. Then, a deep model was used to classify the subtypes of the RCC. Finally, an association rule mining algorithm was used to disclose features with significant roles to trigger molecular mechanisms to cause RCC subtypes. Panels of 77 mRNAs and 73 miRNAs could discriminate the KIRC, KIRP, and KICH subtypes from each other with 92% (F1-score ≥ 0.9, AUC ≥ 0.89) and 95% accuracy (F1-score ≥ 0.93, AUC ≥ 0.95), respectively. The Association Rule Mining analysis could identify miR-28 (repeat count = 2642) and CSN7A (repeat count = 5794) along with the miR-125a (repeat count = 2591) and NMD3 (repeat count = 2306) with the highest repeat counts, in the KIRC and KIRP rules, respectively. This study found new panels of mRNAs and miRNAs to distinguish among RCC subtypes, which were able to provide new insights into the underlying responsible mechanisms for the initiation and progression of KIRC and KIRP. The proposed mRNA and miRNA panels have a high potential to be as biomarkers of RCC subtypes and should be examined in future clinical studies.
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Campione E, Mazzilli S, Di Prete M, Dattola A, Cosio T, Lettieri Barbato D, Costanza G, Lanna C, Manfreda V, Gaeta Schumak R, Prignano F, Coniglione F, Ciprani F, Aquilano K, Bianchi L. The Role of Glutathione-S Transferase in Psoriasis and Associated Comorbidities and the Effect of Dimethyl Fumarate in This Pathway. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:760852. [PMID: 35211489 PMCID: PMC8863102 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.760852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by well-demarcated scaly plaques. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the psoriasis pathogenesis and is associated with the disease severity. Dimethyl fumarate modulates the activity of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors. This is responsible for the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and an overall shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory/regulatory response. Both steps are necessary for the amelioration of psoriatic inflammation, although additional mechanisms have been proposed. Several studies reported a long-term effectiveness and safety of dimethyl fumarate monotherapy in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Furthermore, psoriasis is a chronic disease often associated to metabolic comorbidities, as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, in which glutathione-S transferase deregulation is present. Glutathione-S transferase is involved in the antioxidant system. An increase of its activity in psoriatic epidermis in comparison with the uninvolved and normal epidermal biopsies has been reported. Dimethyl fumarate depletes glutathione-S transferase by formation of covalently linked conjugates. This review investigates the anti-inflammatory role of dimethyl fumarate in oxidative stress and its effect by reducing oxidative stress. The glutathione-S transferase regulation is helpful in treating psoriasis, with an anti-inflammatory effect on the keratinocytes hyperproliferation, and in modulation of metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Mazzilli
- Italy State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of Interior, Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Di Prete
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Anatomic Pathology, Santa Maria di Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lettieri Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Prignano
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filadelfo Coniglione
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University Nostra Signora del Buon Consiglio, Tirana, Albania
| | - Fabrizio Ciprani
- Italy State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of Interior, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Orlacchio A, Mazzone P. The Role of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12743. [PMID: 34884547 PMCID: PMC8657588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy. In this review we discuss the current knowledge about the role of TLRs in PC progression, focusing on the available TLRs-targeting compounds and their possible use in PC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orlacchio
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pellegrino Mazzone
- Biogem Scarl, Istituto di Ricerche Genetiche Gaetano Salvatore, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
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Psoriasis: Pathogenesis, Comorbidities, and Therapy Updated. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062979. [PMID: 33804147 PMCID: PMC8000092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by IL-17-dominant abnormal innate and acquired immunity, and the hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, and comorbid arthritis or cardiometabolic diseases. This Special Issue presented updated information on pathogenesis, comorbidities, and therapy of psoriasis. The pathogenesis of psoriasis may involve the dysfunction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 or of UBA domain containing 1-mediated regulation of CARD14/CARMA2sh. The blood cells of psoriasis patients showed the enhanced oxidative stress/autophagy flux and decreased 20S proteasome activity. Elafin, clusterin, or selenoprotein P may act as biomarkers for psoriasis and comorbid metabolic diseases. The proteomic profile of psoriasis lesions showed the dysfunction of dermal fibroblasts; up-regulation of proinflammatory factors and signal transduction or down-regulation of structural molecules. The skin inflammation in psoriasis may populate certain gut bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus danieliae, which worsen the skin inflammation in turn. The psoriasis-associated pruritus may be caused by immune, nervous, or vascular mechanisms. In addition to current oral treatments and biologics, a new treatment option for psoriasis is now being developed, such as retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt inhibitors, IL-36 receptor antagonist, or aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist. Antimicrobial peptides and innate immune cells, involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, may be novel therapeutic targets. The pathomechanisms and responses to drugs in collagen diseases are partially shared with and partially different from those in psoriasis. Certain nutrients can exacerbate or regulate the progress of psoriasis. The articles in this Special Issue will encourage attractive approaches to psoriasis by future researchers.
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