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Castro GA, Almeida JM, Machado-Neto JA, Almeida TA. A decision support system to recommend appropriate therapy protocol for AML patients. Front Artif Intell 2024; 7:1343447. [PMID: 38510471 PMCID: PMC10950921 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2024.1343447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is one of the most aggressive hematological neoplasms, emphasizing the critical need for early detection and strategic treatment planning. The association between prompt intervention and enhanced patient survival rates underscores the pivotal role of therapy decisions. To determine the treatment protocol, specialists heavily rely on prognostic predictions that consider the response to treatment and clinical outcomes. The existing risk classification system categorizes patients into favorable, intermediate, and adverse groups, forming the basis for personalized therapeutic choices. However, accurately assessing the intermediate-risk group poses significant challenges, potentially resulting in treatment delays and deterioration of patient conditions. Methods This study introduces a decision support system leveraging cutting-edge machine learning techniques to address these issues. The system automatically recommends tailored oncology therapy protocols based on outcome predictions. Results The proposed approach achieved a high performance close to 0.9 in F1-Score and AUC. The model generated with gene expression data exhibited superior performance. Discussion Our system can effectively support specialists in making well-informed decisions regarding the most suitable and safe therapy for individual patients. The proposed decision support system has the potential to not only streamline treatment initiation but also contribute to prolonged survival and improved quality of life for individuals diagnosed with AML. This marks a significant stride toward optimizing therapeutic interventions and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna A. Castro
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jade M. Almeida
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João A. Machado-Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago A. Almeida
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Song H, Liu H, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhao X, Jiang WG, Sui L, Song X. Death-associated protein 3 in cancer-discrepant roles of DAP3 in tumours and molecular mechanisms. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1323751. [PMID: 38352299 PMCID: PMC10862491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1323751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, ranks as the secondary cause of death, is a group of diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled tumor growth and distant metastasis, leading to increased mortality year-on-year. To date, targeted therapy to intercept the aberrant proliferation and invasion is crucial for clinical anticancer treatment, however, mutant expression of target genes often leads to drug resistance. Therefore, it is essential to identify more molecules that can be targeted to facilitate combined therapy. Previous studies showed that death associated protein 3 (DAP3) exerts a pivotal role in regulating apoptosis signaling of tumors, meanwhile, aberrant DAP3 expression is associated with the tumorigenesis and disease progression of various cancers. This review provides an overview of the molecule structure of DAP3 and the discrepant roles played by DAP3 in various types of tumors. Considering the molecular mechanism of DAP3-regulated cancer development, new potential treatment strategies might be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- Department of Nursing, Zhaoyuan People's Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yuteng Yang
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiangkun Zhao
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laijian Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Sato K, Yoshino H, Sato Y, Nakano M, Tsuruga E. ΔNp63 Regulates Radioresistance in Human Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6262-6271. [PMID: 37623213 PMCID: PMC10453785 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, recurrence results from the development of radioresistant cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the underlying mechanisms of radioresistance in HNSCC. Previously, we showed that the inhibition of karyopherin-β1 (KPNB1), a factor in the nuclear transport system, enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity, specifically in HNSCC cells, and decreases the localization of SCC-specific transcription factor ΔNp63. This suggests that ΔNp63 may be a KPNB1-carrying nucleoprotein that regulates radioresistance in HNSCC. Here, we determined whether ΔNp63 is involved in the radioresistance of HNSCC cells. Cell survival was measured by a colony formation assay. Apoptosis was assessed by annexin V staining and cleaved caspase-3 expression. The results indicate that ΔNp63 knockdown decreased the survival of irradiated HNSCC cells, increased radiation-induced annexin V+ cells, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. These results show that ΔNp63 is involved in the radioresistance of HNSCC cells. We further investigated which specific karyopherin-α (KPNA) molecules, partners of KPNB1 for nuclear transport, are involved in nuclear ΔNp63 expression. The analysis of nuclear ΔNp63 protein expression suggests that KPNA1 is involved in nuclear ΔNp63 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that ΔNp63 is a KPNB1-carrying nucleoprotein that regulates radioresistance in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sato
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Manabu Nakano
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan;
| | - Eichi Tsuruga
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8564, Aomori, Japan (Y.S.); (E.T.)
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Zhou L, Wang Q, Hou J, Wu X, Wang L, Chen X. Upregulation of hsa_circ_0002003 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:611. [PMID: 37400785 PMCID: PMC10316602 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are involved in various human malignancies, have emerged as promising biomarkers. The present study aimed to investigate unique expression profiles of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identify novel biomarkers associated with HCC development and progression. METHODS CircRNA expression profiles of HCC tissues were jointly analyzed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs. Overexpression plasmid and siRNA targeting candidate circRNAs were used in functional assays in vitro. CircRNA-miRNA interactions were predicted using miRNAs expressed in the miRNA-seq dataset GSE76903. To further screen downstream genes targeted by the miRNAs, survival analysis and qRT-PCR were conducted to evaluate their prognostic role in HCC and construct a ceRNA regulatory network. RESULTS Three significantly upregulated circRNAs, hsa_circ_0002003, hsa_circ_0002454, and hsa_circ_0001394, and one significantly downregulated circRNA, hsa_circ_0003239, were identified and validated by qRT-PCR. Our in vitro data indicated that upregulation of hsa_circ_0002003 accelerated cell growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, DTYMK, DAP3, and STMN1, which were targeted by hsa-miR-1343-3p, were significantly downregulated in HCC cells when hsa_circ_0002003 was silenced and were significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC. CONCLUSION Hsa_circ_0002003 may play critical roles in HCC pathogenesis and serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for HCC. Targeting the hsa_circ_0002003/hsa-miR-1343-3p/STMN1 regulatory axis could be an effective therapeutic strategy in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianwen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lianghai Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xueling Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
- Department of Immunology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
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Che Y, Jiang D, Xu L, Sun Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Chang N, Fan J, Xi H, Qiu D, Ju Q, Pan J, Zhang Y, Yang K, Zhang J. The Clinical Prediction Value of the Ubiquitination Model Reflecting the Immune Traits in LUAD. Front Immunol 2022; 13:846402. [PMID: 35281055 PMCID: PMC8913715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.846402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence shows that the ubiquitin–proteasome system has a crucial impact on lung adenocarcinoma. However, reliable prognostic signatures based on ubiquitination and immune traits have not yet been established. Methods Bioinformatics was performed to analyze the characteristic of ubiquitination in lung adenocarcinoma. Principal component analysis was employed to identify the difference between lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent tissue. The ubiquitin prognostic risk model was constructed by multivariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression based on the public database The Cancer Genome Atlas, with evaluation of the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve. A variety of algorithms was used to analyze the immune traits of model stratification. Meanwhile, the drug response sensitivity for subgroups was predicted by the “pRRophetic” package based on the database of the Cancer Genome Project. Results The expression of ubiquitin genes was different in the tumor and in the adjacent tissue. The ubiquitin model was superior to the clinical indexes, and four validation datasets verified the prognostic effect. Additionally, the stratification of the model reflected distinct immune landscapes and mutation traits. The low-risk group was infiltrating plenty of immune cells and highly expressed major histocompatibility complex and immune genes, which illustrated that these patients could benefit from immune treatment. The high-risk group showed higher mutation and tumor mutation burden. Integrating the tumor mutation burden and the immune score revealed the patient’s discrepancy between survival and drug response. Finally, we discovered that the drug targeting ubiquitin and proteasome would be a beneficial prospective treatment for lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusion The ubiquitin trait could reflect the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma, and it might shed light on the development of novel ubiquitin biomarkers and targeted therapy for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggang Che
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dongbo Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Leidi Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuanjie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yingtong Wu
- Department of First Sanatorium, First Sanatorium of Air Force Healthcare Center for Special Services, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Chang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiangjiang Fan
- Department for AIDS Prevention and Control, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hangtian Xi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing Ju
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingyu Pan
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhang, ; Kun Yang, ; Yong Zhang,
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhang, ; Kun Yang, ; Yong Zhang,
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air-Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhang, ; Kun Yang, ; Yong Zhang,
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Effects and Related Mechanisms of the Senolytic Agent ABT-263 on the Survival of Irradiated A549 and Ca9-22 Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413233. [PMID: 34948029 PMCID: PMC8704639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Senolytic agents eliminate senescent cells and are expected to reduce senescent cell-mediated adverse effects in cancer therapy. However, the effects of senolytic agents on the survival of irradiated cancer cells remain unknown. Here, the effects of the senolytic agent ABT-263 on the survival of irradiated A549 and Ca9-22 cancer cells were investigated. ABT-263 was added to the culture medium after irradiation. SA-β-gal activity and cell size, which are hallmarks of cell senescence, were evaluated using a flow cytometer. The colony-forming assay and annexin V staining were performed to test cell survival. We first confirmed that radiation increased the proportion of cells with high SA-β-gal activity and that ABT-263 decreased it. Of note, ABT-263 decreased the survival of irradiated cancer cells and increased the proportion of radiation-induced annexin V+ cells. Furthermore, the caspase inhibitor suppressed the ABT-263-induced decrease in the survival of irradiated cells. Intriguingly, ABT-263 decreased the proportion of SA-β-gal low-activity/large cells in the irradiated A549 cells, which was recovered by the caspase inhibitor. Together, these findings suggest that populations maintaining the ability to proliferate existed among the irradiated cancer cells showing senescence-related features and that ABT-263 eliminated the population, which led to decreased survival of irradiated cancer cells.
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Ai D, Dou Y, Nan Z, Wang K, Wang H, Zhang L, Dong Z, Sun J, Ma C, Tan W, Gao W, Liu J, Zhao L, Liu S, Song B, Shao Q, Qu X. CD68 + Macrophage Infiltration Associates With Poor Outcome of HPV Negative Oral Squamous Carcinoma Patients Receiving Radiation: Poly(I:C) Enhances Radiosensitivity of CAL-27 Cells but Promotes Macrophage Recruitment Through HMGB1. Front Oncol 2021; 11:740622. [PMID: 34568076 PMCID: PMC8459684 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) negative oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) generally have poor clinical outcomes and worse responses to radiotherapy. It is urgent to explore the underlining mechanisms of the distinct prognoses between HPV negative and HPV positive OSCC and to develop effective therapy strategy to increase the survival rate of HPV negative OSCC patients. We conducted a retrospective cohort of 99 resected OSCC patients to evaluate the prognosis of HPV negative and HPV positive OSCC patients receiving radiation or not. We further addressed the association of CD68+ macrophage infiltration with HPV status and the effects on survival of OSCC patients. We also used the TCGA-OSCC cohort for further verification. Based on the cohort study, we applied a synthetic dsRNA polymer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), on CAL-27 (HPV negative OSCC cells). We co-cultured its condition medium with THP-1 derived macrophage and examined the cytokines and macrophage migration. We found that high CD68+ macrophage infiltration associated with poor overall survival in HPV negative OSCC patients receiving radiation. In vitro, poly(I:C) could induce apoptosis and enhance the radiosensitivity, but increase macrophage recruitment. Targeting HMGB1 could inhibit IL-6 induction and macrophage recruitment. Our findings indicated that CD68+ macrophage might play an important role in the outcomes of HPV negative OSCC patients receiving radiation. Our findings also suggested that radiation combined poly(I:C) might be a potential therapy strategy to increase the radiation response and prognosis of HPV negative OSCC. Notably, HMGB1 should be targeted to inhibit macrophage recruitment and enhance overall therapy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ai
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Dou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheelo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaodi Nan
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University & Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huayang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zuoqing Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University & Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jintang Sun
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wanye Tan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University & Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjuan Gao
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University & Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingfeng Song
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianqian Shao
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Qu
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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