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Carr CM, Göttsch F, de Oliveira BFR, Murcia PAS, Jackson SA, Wei R, Clarke DJ, Bornscheuer UT, Dobson ADW. Identification and expression of MarCE, a marine carboxylesterase with synthetic ester-degrading activity. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14479. [PMID: 38881500 PMCID: PMC11180994 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic ester hydrolases with the capacity to degrade polyesters are currently highly sought after for their potential use in the biological degradation of PET and other chemically synthesized polymers. Here, we describe MarCE, a carboxylesterase family protein identified via genome mining of a Maribacter sp. isolate from the marine sponge Stelligera stuposa. Based on phylogenetic analysis, MarCE and its closest relatives belong to marine-associated genera from the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides taxonomic group and appear evolutionarily distinct to any homologous carboxylesterases that have been studied to date in terms of structure or function. Molecular docking revealed putative binding of BHET, a short-chain PET derivative, onto the predicted MarCE three-dimensional structure. The synthetic ester-degrading activity of MarCE was subsequently confirmed by MarCE-mediated hydrolysis of 2 mM BHET substrate, indicated by the release of its breakdown products MHET and TPA, which were measured, respectively, as 1.28 and 0.12 mM following 2-h incubation at 30°C. The findings of this study provide further insight into marine carboxylic ester hydrolases, which have the potential to display unique functional plasticity resulting from their adaptation to complex and fluctuating marine environmentsw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodagh M. Carr
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- SSPC‐SFI Research Centre for PharmaceuticalsUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Frederike Göttsch
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | | | - Pedro A. Sánchez Murcia
- Laboratory of Computer‐Aided Molecular Design, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto‐Loewi Research CenterMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
| | - Stephen A. Jackson
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- SSPC‐SFI Research Centre for PharmaceuticalsUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Ren Wei
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - David J. Clarke
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- SSPC‐SFI Research Centre for PharmaceuticalsUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- School of MicrobiologyUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- SSPC‐SFI Research Centre for PharmaceuticalsUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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Yan ZF, Feng CQ, Chen XQ, Jin CX, Xia W, Chen S, Wu J. Design and construction of chemical-biological module clusters for degradation and assimilation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 361:121258. [PMID: 38815428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The rising accumulation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste presents an urgent ecological challenge, necessitating an efficient and economical treatment technology. Here, we developed chemical-biological module clusters that perform chemical pretreatment, enzymatic degradation, and microbial assimilation for the large-scale treatment of PET waste. This module cluster included (i) a chemical pretreatment that involves incorporating polycaprolactone (PCL) at a weight ratio of 2% (PET:PCL = 98:2) into PET via mechanical blending, which effectively reduces the crystallinity and enhances degradation; (ii) enzymatic degradation using Thermobifida fusca cutinase variant (4Mz), that achieves complete degradation of pretreated PET at 300 g/L PET, with an enzymatic loading of 1 mg protein per gram of PET; and (iii) microbial assimilation, where Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 metabolizes the degradation products, assimilating each monomer at a rate above 90%. A comparative life cycle assessment demonstrated that the carbon emissions from our module clusters (0.25 kg CO2-eq/kg PET) are lower than those from other established approaches. This study pioneers a closed-loop system that seamlessly incorporates pretreatment, degradation, and assimilation processes, thus mitigating the environmental impacts of PET waste and propelling the development of a circular PET economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Fei Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Chu-Qi Feng
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chang-Xu Jin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Naidu G, Nagar N, Poluri KM. Mechanistic Insights into Cellular and Molecular Basis of Protein-Nanoplastic Interactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305094. [PMID: 37786309 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is ubiquitously present across the world, and its nano/sub-micron analogues (plastic nanoparticles, PNPs), raise severe environmental concerns affecting organisms' health. Considering the direct and indirect toxic implications of PNPs, their biological impacts are actively being studied; lately, with special emphasis on cellular and molecular mechanistic intricacies. Combinatorial OMICS studies identified proteins as major regulators of PNP mediated cellular toxicity via activation of oxidative enzymes and generation of ROS. Alteration of protein function by PNPs results in DNA damage, organellar dysfunction, and autophagy, thus resulting in inflammation/cell death. The molecular mechanistic basis of these cellular toxic endeavors is fine-tuned at the level of structural alterations in proteins of physiological relevance. Detailed biophysical studies on such protein-PNP interactions evidenced prominent modifications in their structural architecture and conformational energy landscape. Another essential aspect of the protein-PNP interactions includes bioenzymatic plastic degradation perspective, as the interactive units of plastics are essentially nano-sized. Combining all these attributes of protein-PNP interactions, the current review comprehensively documented the contemporary understanding of the concerned interactions in the light of cellular, molecular, kinetic/thermodynamic details. Additionally, the applicatory, economical facet of these interactions, PNP biogeochemical cycle and enzymatic advances pertaining to plastic degradation has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutami Naidu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Nupur Nagar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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Greene AF, Abbel R, Vaidya AA, Tanjay Q, Chen Y, Risani R, Saggese T, Barbier M, Petcu M, West M, Theobald B, Gaugler E, Parker K. Environmentally Benign Fast-Degrading Conductive Composites. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:455-465. [PMID: 38147683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally benign conductive composite that rapidly degrades in the presence of warm water via enzyme-mediated hydrolysis is described. This represents the first time that hydrolytic enzymes have been immobilized onto eco-friendly conductive carbon sources with the express purpose of degrading the encapsulating biodegradable plastic. Amano Lipase (AL)-functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNF) were compounded with polycaprolactone (PCL) to produce the composite film CNFAL-PCL (thickness ∼ 600 μm; CNFAL = 20.0 wt %). To serve as controls, films of the same thickness were also produced, including CNF-AL5-PCL (CNF mixed with AL and PCL; CNF = 19.2 wt % and AL = 5.00 wt %), CNF-PCL (CNF = 19.2 wt %), ALx-PCL (AL = x = 1.00 or 5.00 wt %), and PCL. The electrical performance of the CNF-containing composites was measured, and conductivities of 14.0 ± 2, 22.0 ± 5, and 31.0 ± 6 S/m were observed for CNFAL-PCL, CNF-AL5-PCL, and CNF-PCL, respectively. CNFAL-PCL and control films were degraded in phosphate buffer (2.00 mg/mL film/buffer) at 50 °C, and their average percent weight loss (Wtavg%) was recorded over time. After 3 h CNFAL-PCL degraded to a Wtavg% of 90.0% and had completely degraded after 8 h. This was considerably faster than CNF-AL5-PCL, which achieved a total Wtavg% of 34.0% after 16 days, and CNF-PCL, which was with a Wtavg% of 7.00% after 16 days. Scanning electron microscopy experiments (SEM) found that CNFAL-PCL has more open pores on its surface and that it fractures faster during degradation experiments which exposes the interior enzyme to water. An electrode made from CNFAL-PCL was fabricated and attached to an AL5-PCL support to form a fast-degrading thermal sensor. The resistance was measured over five cycles where the temperature was varied between 15.0-50.0 °C. The sensor was then degraded fully in buffer at 50 °C over a 48 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique F Greene
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Robert Abbel
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Alankar A Vaidya
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Queenie Tanjay
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Yi Chen
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Regis Risani
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Taryn Saggese
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Maxime Barbier
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Miruna Petcu
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Mark West
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Beatrix Theobald
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Eva Gaugler
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
| | - Kate Parker
- Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Ti̅tokorangi Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3010
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Ismaiel AA, Mohamed HH, El-Sayed MT. Biodegradation of ochratoxin A by endophytic Trichoderma koningii strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:53. [PMID: 36564607 PMCID: PMC9789014 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. that causes a threat to food safety and human health. Fungal biodegradation might be a promising strategy for reducing the OTA contamination in the future. In this study, the ability of Trichoderma koningii strains to degrade OTA produced by Aspergillus niger T2 (MW513392.1) isolated from tomato seeds was investigated. Among T. koningii strains tested, three strains; AUMC11519, AUMC11520 and AUMC11521 completely eliminated OTA from the culture medium, while AUMC11522 strain eliminated only 41.82% of OTA. OTα-amide, 3-phenylpropionic acid, OTα and phenylalanine were assayed as degradation products by FTIR analysis and LC-MS/MS spectra. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) was found responsible for OTA degradation when a metal ion chelator, EDTA, was added to cell free supernatants of the three effective strains. OTA detoxification by T. koningii could present new prospective strategies for a possible application in food commodities intoxicated with ochratoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Ismaiel
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Hala H. Mohamed
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Manal T. El-Sayed
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
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Wu X, Liu Z, Li M, Bartlam M, Wang Y. Integrated metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis reveals actively expressed antibiotic resistomes in the plastisphere. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128418. [PMID: 35144012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plastisphere is viewed as a reservoir for the antibiotic resistome in water environments and may pose health concerns. However, the expression profiles of the resistome in the plastisphere are largely unknown. Here, we profiled the occurrence, abundance, and transcriptional level of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), plasmid associated ARGs, microbial composition and ARG bacterial hosts in the plastisphere and urban river water using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and metatranscriptomic sequencing methods. A total of 173 ARGs conferring resistance to 24 major classes of antibiotics commonly prescribed to humans and animals were detected in the plastisphere. Of these, 75 genes were observed with transcriptional activity, indicating that the antibiotic resistome in the plastisphere was not only present, but also actively expressed. Human pathogens belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae were identified as bacterial hosts of ARGs in the plastisphere. The opportunistic and multidrug resistant human pathogen Enterobacter cloacae was found to actively express tetG and confer tetracycline resistance to the plastisphere. Furthermore, 39 genes were identified as "plasmid associated ARGs" in the plastisphere, displaying a higher proportion of transcript abundance compared with water. The above results suggest that the plastisphere is a hotspot for antibiotic resistome acquisition, expression, and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zongbao Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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7
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Dal Pozzo CA, Cappellesso R. The Morpho-Molecular Landscape of Spitz Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084211. [PMID: 35457030 PMCID: PMC9030540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spitz neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of melanocytic proliferations with a great variability in the histological characteristics and in the biological behavior. Thanks to recent discoveries, the morpho-molecular landscape of Spitz lineage is becoming clearer, with the identification of subtypes with recurrent features thus providing the basis for a more solid and precise tumor classification. Indeed, specific mutually exclusive driver molecular events, namely HRAS or MAP2K1 mutations, copy number gains of 11p, and fusions involving ALK, ROS, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, MET, RET, MAP3K8, and BRAF genes, correlate with distinctive histological features. The accumulation of further molecular aberrations, instead, promotes the increasing malignant transformation of Spitz neoplasms. Thus, the detection of a driver genetic alteration can be achieved using the appropriate diagnostic tests chosen according to the histological characteristics of the lesion. This allows the recognition of subtypes with aggressive behavior requiring further molecular investigations. This review provides an update on the morpho-molecular correlations in Spitz neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Dal Pozzo
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy;
| | - Rocco Cappellesso
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, University Hospital of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8217962
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Houston DR, Hanna JG, Lathe JC, Hillier SG, Lathe R. Evidence that nuclear receptors are related to terpene synthases. J Mol Endocrinol 2022; 68:153-166. [PMID: 35112668 PMCID: PMC8942334 DOI: 10.1530/jme-21-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-activated nuclear receptors (NRs) orchestrate development, growth, and reproduction across all animal lifeforms - the Metazoa - but how NRs evolved remains mysterious. Given the NR ligands including steroids and retinoids are predominantly terpenoids, we asked whether NRs might have evolved from enzymes that catalyze terpene synthesis and metabolism. We provide evidence suggesting that NRs may be related to the terpene synthase (TS) enzyme superfamily. Based on over 10,000 3D structural comparisons, we report that the NR ligand-binding domain and TS enzymes share a conserved core of seven α-helical segments. In addition, the 3D locations of the major ligand-contacting residues are also conserved between the two protein classes. Primary sequence comparisons reveal suggestive similarities specifically between NRs and the subfamily of cis-isoprene transferases, notably with dehydrodolichyl pyrophosphate synthase and its obligate partner, NUS1/NOGOB receptor. Pharmacological overlaps between NRs and TS enzymes add weight to the contention that they share a distant evolutionary origin, and the combined data raise the possibility that a ligand-gated receptor may have arisen from an enzyme antecedent. However, our findings do not formally exclude other interpretations such as convergent evolution, and further analysis will be necessary to confirm the inferred relationship between the two protein classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Houston
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane G Hanna
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stephen G Hillier
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to S G Hillier or R Lathe: or
| | - Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to S G Hillier or R Lathe: or
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Pirillo V, Orlando M, Tessaro D, Pollegioni L, Molla G. An Efficient Protein Evolution Workflow for the Improvement of Bacterial PET Hydrolyzing Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010264. [PMID: 35008691 PMCID: PMC8745736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation is a promising green approach to bioremediation and recycling of the polymer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). In the past few years, several PET-hydrolysing enzymes (PHEs) have been discovered, and new variants have been evolved by protein engineering. Here, we report on a straightforward workflow employing semi-rational protein engineering combined to a high-throughput screening of variant libraries for their activity on PET nanoparticles. Using this approach, starting from the double variant W159H/S238F of Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 PETase, the W159H/F238A-ΔIsPET variant, possessing a higher hydrolytic activity on PET, was identified. This variant was stabilized by introducing two additional known substitutions (S121E and D186H) generating the TS-ΔIsPET variant. By using 0.1 mg mL−1 of TS-ΔIsPET, ~10.6 mM of degradation products were produced in 2 days from 9 mg mL−1 PET microparticles (~26% depolymerization yield). Indeed, TS-ΔIsPET allowed a massive degradation of PET nanoparticles (>80% depolymerization yield) in 1.5 h using only 20 μg of enzyme mL−1. The rationale underlying the effect on the catalytic parameters due to the F238A substitution was studied by enzymatic investigation and molecular dynamics/docking analysis. The present workflow is a well-suited protocol for the evolution of PHEs to help generate an efficient enzymatic toolbox for polyester degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pirillo
- “The Protein Factory 2.0”, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (V.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Marco Orlando
- “The Protein Factory 2.0”, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (V.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Davide Tessaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, p.za L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- “The Protein Factory 2.0”, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (V.P.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianluca Molla
- “The Protein Factory 2.0”, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (V.P.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (G.M.)
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Abstract
Abstract
The serious issue of textile waste accumulation has raised attention on biodegradability as a possible route to support sustainable consumption of textile fibers. However, synthetic textile fibers that dominate the market, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), resist biological degradation, creating environmental and waste management challenges. Because pure natural fibers, like cotton, both perform well for consumer textiles and generally meet certain standardized biodegradability criteria, inspiration from the mechanisms involved in natural biodegradability are leading to new discoveries and developments in biologically accelerated textile waste remediation for both natural and synthetic fibers. The objective of this review is to present a multidisciplinary perspective on the essential bio-chemo-physical requirements for textile materials to undergo biodegradation, taking into consideration the impact of environmental or waste management process conditions on biodegradability outcomes. Strategies and recent progress in enhancing synthetic textile fiber biodegradability are reviewed, with emphasis on performance and biodegradability behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as an alternative biobased, biodegradable apparel textile fiber, and on biological strategies for addressing PET waste, including industrial enzymatic hydrolysis to generate recyclable monomers. Notably, while pure PET fibers do not biodegrade within the timeline of any standardized conditions, recent developments with process intensification and engineered enzymes show that higher enzymatic recycling efficiency for PET polymer has been achieved compared to cellulosic materials. Furthermore, combined with alternative waste management practices, such as composting, anaerobic digestion and biocatalyzed industrial reprocessing, the development of synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies are creating opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
Article Highlights
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) leads other synthetic textile fibers in meeting both performance and biodegradation criteria.
Recent research with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polymer shows potential for efficient enzyme catalyzed industrial recycling.
Synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies could open opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
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