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Mishra S, Rout M, Singh MK, Dehury B, Pati S. Classical molecular dynamics simulation identifies catechingallate as a promising antiviral polyphenol against MPOX palmitoylated surface protein. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108070. [PMID: 38678726 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cumulative global prevalence of the emergent monkeypox (MPX) infection in the non-endemic countries has been professed as a global public health predicament. Lack of effective MPX-specific treatments sets the baseline for designing the current study. This research work uncovers the effective use of known antiviral polyphenols against MPX viral infection, and recognises their mode of interaction with the target F13 protein, that plays crucial role in formation of enveloped virions. Herein, we have employed state-of-the-art machine learning based AlphaFold2 to predict the three-dimensional structure of F13 followed by molecular docking and all-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the differential mode of F13-polyphenol interactions. Our extensive computational approach identifies six potent polyphenols Rutin, Epicatechingallate, Catechingallate, Quercitrin, Isoquecitrin and Hyperoside exhibiting higher binding affinity towards F13, buried inside a positively charged binding groove. Intermolecular contact analysis of the docked and MD simulated complexes divulges three important residues Asp134, Ser137 and Ser321 that are observed to be involved in ligand binding through hydrogen bonds. Our findings suggest that ligand binding induces minor conformational changes in F13 to affect the conformation of the binding site. Concomitantly, essential dynamics of the six-MD simulated complexes reveals Catechin gallate, a known antiviral agent as a promising polyphenol targeting F13 protein, dominated with a dense network of hydrophobic contacts. However, assessment of biological activities of these polyphenols need to be confirmed through in vitro and in vivo assays, which may pave the way for development of new novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Mishra
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| | - Madhusmita Rout
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| | - Mahender Kumar Singh
- Data Science Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana 122052, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; Department of Bioinformatics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India.
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2
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Rout M, Dey S, Mishra S, Panda S, Singh MK, Sinha R, Dehury B, Pati S. Machine learning and classical MD simulation to identify inhibitors against the P37 envelope protein of monkeypox virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3935-3948. [PMID: 37221882 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2216290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak is a serious public health concern that requires international attention. P37 of MPXV plays a pivotal role in DNA replication and acts as one of the promising targets for antiviral drug design. In this study, we intent to screen potential analogs of existing FDA approved drugs of MPXV against P37 using state-of-the-art machine learning and computational biophysical techniques. AlphaFold2 guided all-atoms molecular dynamics simulations optimized P37 structure is used for molecular docking and binding free energy calculations. Similar to members of Phospholipase-D family , the predicted P37 structure also adopts a β-α-β-α-β sandwich fold, harbouring strongly conserved HxKxxxxD motif. The binding pocket comprises of Tyr48, Lys86, His115, Lys117, Ser130, Asn132, Trp280, Asn240, His325, Lys327 and Tyr346 forming strong hydrogen bonds and dense hydrophobic contacts with the screened analogs and is surrounded by positively charged patches. Loops connecting the two domains and C-terminal region exhibit high degree of flexibility. In some structural ensembles, the partial disorderness in the C-terminal region is presumed to be due to its low confidence score, acquired during structure prediction. Transition from loop to β-strands (244-254 aa) in P37-Cidofovir and its analog complexes advocates the need for further investigations. MD simulations support the accuracy of the molecular docking results, indicating the potential of analogs as potent binders of P37. Taken together, our results provide preferable understanding of molecular recognition and dynamics of ligand-bound states of P37, offering opportunities for development of new antivirals against MPXV. However, the need of in vitro and in vivo assays for confirmation of these results still persists.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Rout
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Suchanda Dey
- Biomics and Biodiversity Lab, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (deemed to be) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sarbani Mishra
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sunita Panda
- Mycology Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahender Kumar Singh
- Data Science Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Rohan Sinha
- Computer Science, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA, McDermott MI. The wide world of non-mammalian phospholipase D enzymes. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101000. [PMID: 38081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to produce free choline and the critically important lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Since the initial discovery of PLD activities in plants and bacteria, PLDs have been identified in a diverse range of organisms spanning the taxa. While widespread interest in these proteins grew following the discovery of mammalian isoforms, research into the PLDs of non-mammalian organisms has revealed a fascinating array of functions ranging from roles in microbial pathogenesis, to the stress responses of plants and the developmental patterning of flies. Furthermore, studies in non-mammalian model systems have aided our understanding of the entire PLD superfamily, with translational relevance to human biology and health. Increasingly, the promise for utilization of non-mammalian PLDs in biotechnology is also being recognized, with widespread potential applications ranging from roles in lipid synthesis, to their exploitation for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109, USA
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M I McDermott
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Rout M, Mishra S, Dey S, Singh MK, Dehury B, Pati S. Exploiting the potential of natural polyphenols as antivirals against monkeypox envelope protein F13 using machine learning and all-atoms MD simulations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 162:107116. [PMID: 37302336 PMCID: PMC10239311 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The re-emergence of monkeypox (MPX), in the era of COVID-19 pandemic is a new global menace. Regardless of its leniency, there are chances of MPX expediting severe health deterioration. The role of envelope protein, F13 as a critical component for production of extracellular viral particles makes it a crucial drug target. Polyphenols, exhibiting antiviral properties have been acclaimed as an effective alternative to the traditional treatment methods for management of viral diseases. To facilitate the development of potent MPX specific therapeutics, herein, we have employed state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to predict a highly accurate 3-dimensional structure of F13 as well as identify binding hotspots on the protein surface. Additionally, we have effectuated high-throughput virtual screening methodology on 57 potent natural polyphenols having antiviral activities followed by all-atoms molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, to substantiate the mode of interaction of F13 protein and polyphenol complexes. The structure-based virtual screening based on Glide SP, XP and MM/GBSA scores enables the selection of six potent polyphenols having higher binding affinity towards F13. Non-bonded contact analysis, of pre- and post- MD complexes propound the critical role of Glu143, Asp134, Asn345, Ser321 and Tyr320 residues in polyphenol recognition, which is well supported by per-residue decomposition analysis. Close-observation of the structural ensembles from MD suggests that the binding groove of F13 is mostly hydrophobic in nature. Taken together, this structure-based analysis from our study provides a lead on Myricetin, and Demethoxycurcumin, which may act as potent inhibitors of F13. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the molecular recognition and dynamics of F13-polyphenol bound states, offering new promises for development of antivirals to combat monkeypox. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are necessary to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Rout
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sarbani Mishra
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Suchanda Dey
- Biomics and Biodiversity Lab, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (deemed to be) University, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Mahender Kumar Singh
- Data Science Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
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Patel CN, Mall R, Bensmail H. AI-driven drug repurposing and binding pose meta dynamics identifies novel targets for Monkeypox virus. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:799-807. [PMID: 36966703 PMCID: PMC10014505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was confirmed in May 2022 and designated a global health emergency by WHO in July 2022. MPX virions are big, enclosed, brick-shaped, and contain a linear, double-stranded DNA genome as well as enzymes. MPXV particles bind to the host cell membrane via a variety of viral-host protein interactions. As a result, the wrapped structure is a potential therapeutic target. DeepRepurpose, an artificial intelligence-based compound-viral proteins interaction framework, was used via a transfer learning setting to prioritize a set of FDA approved and investigational drugs which can potentially inhibit MPXV viral proteins. To filter and narrow down the lead compounds from curated collections of pharmaceutical compounds, we used a rigorous computational framework that included homology modeling, molecular docking, dynamic simulations, binding free energy calculations, and binding pose metadynamics. We identified Elvitegravir as a potential inhibitor of MPXV virus using our comprehensive pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380009, India,Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD-21702, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee-38105, USA,Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi-9639, United Arab Emirates,Corresponding author at: Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee-38105, USA
| | - Halima Bensmail
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha-34110, Qatar,Corresponding author
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Wang F, Mao X, Deng F, Cui R, Li L, Liu S, Yang B, Lan D, Wang Y. A New Phospholipase D from Moritella sp. JT01: Biochemical Characterization, Crystallization and Application in the Synthesis of Phosphatidic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911633. [PMID: 36232934 PMCID: PMC9570413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A new phospholipase D from marine Moritella sp. JT01 (MsPLD) was recombinantly expressed and biochemically characterized. The optimal reaction temperature and pH of MsPLD were determined to be 35 °C and 8.0. MsPLD was stable at a temperature lower than 35 °C, and the t1/2 at 4 °C was 41 days. The crystal structure of apo-MsPLD was resolved and the functions of a unique extra loop segment on the enzyme activity were characterized. The results indicated that a direct deletion or fastening of the extra loop segment by introducing disulfide bonds both resulted in a complete loss of its activity. The results of the maximum insertion pressure indicated that the deletion of the extra loop segment significantly decreased MsPLD’s interfacial binding properties to phospholipid monolayers. Finally, MsPLD was applied to the synthesis of phosphatidic acid by using a biphasic reaction system. Under optimal reaction conditions, the conversion rate of phosphatidic acid reached 86%. The present research provides a foundation for revealing the structural–functional relationship of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuejing Mao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fuli Deng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruiguo Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lilang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-20-8711-3848 (D.L.); +86-20-8711-3842 (Y.W.)
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-20-8711-3848 (D.L.); +86-20-8711-3842 (Y.W.)
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Improving Both the Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency of Phospholipase D from Moritella sp. JT01 through Disulfide Bond Engineering Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911319. [PMID: 36232620 PMCID: PMC9570233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining of Phospholipase D (PLD) with high activity and stability has attracted strong interest for investigation. A novel PLD from marine Moritella sp. JT01 (MsPLD) was biochemically and structurally characterized in our previous study; however, the short half-life time (t1/2) under its optimum reaction temperature seriously hampered its further applications. Herein, the disulfide bond engineering strategy was applied to improve its thermostability. Compared with wild-type MsPLD, mutant S148C-T206C/D225C-A328C with the addition of two disulfide bonds exhibited a 3.1-fold t1/2 at 35 °C and a 5.7 °C increase in melting temperature (Tm). Unexpectedly, its specific activity and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) also increased by 22.7% and 36.5%, respectively. The enhanced activity might be attributed to an increase in the activation entropy by displacing more water molecules by the transition state. The results of molecular dynamics simulations (MD) revealed that the introduction of double disulfide bonds rigidified the global structure of the mutant, which might cause the enhanced thermostability. Finally, the synthesis capacity of the mutant to synthesize phosphatidic acid (PA) was evaluated. The conversion rate of PA reached about 80% after 6 h reaction with wild-type MsPLD but reached 78% after 2 h with mutant S148C-T206C/D225C-A328C, which significantly reduced the time needed for the reaction to reach equilibrium. The present results pave the way for further application of MsPLD in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Zhao Z, Chen S, Xu L, Cai J, Wang J, Wang Y. Structural Basis for the Regiospecificity of a Lipase from Streptomyces sp. W007. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5822. [PMID: 35628632 PMCID: PMC9146090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency and accuracy of the synthesis of structural lipids are closely related to the regiospecificity of lipases. Understanding the structural mechanism of their regiospecificity contributes to the regiospecific redesign of lipases for meeting the technological innovation needs. Here, we used a thermostable lipase from Streptomyces sp. W007 (MAS1), which has been recently reported to show great potential in industry, to gain an insight into the structural basis of its regiospecificity by molecular modelling and mutagenesis experiments. The results indicated that increasing the steric hindrance of the site for binding a non-reactive carbonyl group of TAGs could transform the non-specific MAS1 to a α-specific lipase, such as the mutants G40E, G40F, G40Q, G40R, G40W, G40Y, N45Y, H108W and T237Y (PSI > 80). In addition, altering the local polarity of the site as well as the conformational stability of its composing residues could also impact the regiospecificity. Our present study could not only aid the rational design of the regiospecificity of lipases, but open avenues of exploration for further industrial applications of lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Siyue Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Long Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (Z.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
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Hu R, Cui R, Tang Q, Lan D, Wang F, Wang Y. Enhancement of Phospholipid Binding and Catalytic Efficiency of Streptomyces klenkii Phospholipase D by Increasing Hydrophobicity of the Active Site Loop. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11110-11120. [PMID: 34516129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of active site loops of Streptomyces phospholipase D (PLD) binding to the lipid-water interface for catalytic reactions still remains elusive. A flexible loop (residues 376-382) in the active site of Streptomyces klenkii PLD (SkPLD) is conserved within PLDs in most of the Streptomyces species. The residue Ser380 was found to be essential for the enzyme's adsorption to the interface and its substrate recognition. The S380V mutant showed a 4.8 times higher catalytic efficiency and nearly seven times higher adsorption equilibrium coefficient compared to the wild-type SkPLD. The monolayer film technique has confirmed that the substitution of Ser380 with valine in the loop exhibited positive interaction between the enzyme and PCs with different acyl chain lengths. The results of the interfacial binding properties indicated that the S380V mutant might display suitable phosphatidylserine synthesis activity. The present study will be helpful to explain the role of residue 380 in the active site loops of Streptomyces PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Inteligent Bio-manufacturing Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiguo Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Inteligent Bio-manufacturing Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Inteligent Bio-manufacturing Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Inteligent Bio-manufacturing Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Inteligent Bio-manufacturing Co., Ltd., Foshan, Guangdong 528200, People's Republic of China
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