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Lu H, Liu C, Yang C, He Z, Wang L, Song L. Genome-wide identification of the HSP70 genes in Pacific oyster Magallana gigas and their response to heat stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:589-602. [PMID: 38908469 PMCID: PMC11268181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), the most prominent and well-characterized stress protein in animals, plays an important role in assisting animals in responding to various adverse conditions. In the present study, a total of 113 HSP70 gene family members were identified in the updated genome of Magallana gigas (designated MgHSP70) (previously known as Crassostrea gigas). There were 75, 12, 11, and 8 HSP70s located in the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively, and 7 HSP70s were located in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Among 113 MgHSP70 genes, 107 were unevenly distributed in 8 chromosomes of M. gigas with the greatest number in chromosome 07 (61 genes, 57.01%). The MgHSP70 gene family members were mainly assigned into five clusters, among which the HSPa12 subfamily underwent lineage-specific expansion, consisting of 89 members. A total of 68 MgHSP70 genes (60.18%) were tandemly duplicated and formed 30 gene pairs, among which 14 gene pairs were under strong positive selection. In general, the expression of MgHSP70s was tissue-specific, with the highest expression in labial palp and gill and the lowest expression in adductor muscle and hemocytes. There were 35, 31, and 47 significantly upregulated genes at 6, 12, and 24 h after heat shock treatment (28 °C), respectively. The expression patterns of different tandemly duplicated genes exhibited distinct characteristics after shock treatment, indicating that these genes may have different functions. Nevertheless, genes within the same tandemly duplicated group exhibit similar expression patterns. Most of the tandemly duplicated HSP70 gene pairs showed the highest expression levels at 24 h. This study provides a comprehensive description of the MgHSP70 gene family in M. gigas and offers valuable insights into the functions of HSP70 in the mollusc adaptation of oysters to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Lu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Zhaoyu He
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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Zhang E, Li Z, Dong L, Feng Y, Sun G, Xu X, Wang Z, Cui C, Wang W, Yang J. Exploration of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity in the Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) in Response to Vibrio alginolyticus Invasion. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1707. [PMID: 38891754 PMCID: PMC11171025 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, oysters have faced recurring mass mortality issues during the summer breeding season, with Vibrio infection emerging as a significant contributing factor. Tubules of gill filaments were confirmed to be in the hematopoietic position in Crassostrea gigas, which produce hemocytes with immune defense capabilities. Additionally, the epithelial cells of oyster gills produce immune effectors to defend against pathogens. In light of this, we performed a transcriptome analysis of gill tissues obtained from C. gigas infected with Vibrio alginolyticus for 12 h and 48 h. Through this analysis, we identified 1024 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12 h post-injection and 1079 DEGs at 48 h post-injection. Enrichment analysis of these DEGs revealed a significant association with immune-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. To further investigate the immune response, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the DEGs enriched in immune-associated KEGG pathways. This network provided insights into the interactions and relationships among these genes, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of the innate immune defense mechanism in oyster gills. To ensure the accuracy of our findings, we validated 16 key genes using quantitative RT-PCR. Overall, this study represents the first exploration of the innate immune defense mechanism in oyster gills using a PPI network approach. The findings provide valuable insights for future research on oyster pathogen control and the development of oysters with enhanced antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshuo Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Luyao Dong
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yanwei Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Guohua Sun
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Zhongping Wang
- Yantai Kongtong Island Industrial Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Cuiju Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Yantai Kongtong Island Industrial Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China (Z.L.); (X.X.); (C.C.)
- Yantai Haiyu Marine Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
- Yantai Kongtong Island Industrial Co., Ltd., Yantai 264000, China
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Huang J, Wang X, Guo X, Liu Q, Li J. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in Sebastes schlegelii: Genome-wide identification and ThermoTRP expression analysis under high-temperature. Gene 2024; 910:148317. [PMID: 38423141 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, essential for sensing environmental stimuli, are widely distributed. Among them, thermosensory TRP channels play a crucial role in temperature sensing and regulation. Sebastes schlegelii, a significant aquatic economic species, exhibits sensitivity to temperature across multiple aspects. In this study, we identified 18 SsTRP proteins using whole-genome scanning. Motif analysis revealed motif 2 in all TRP proteins, with conserved motifs in subfamilies. TRP-related domains, anchored repeats, and ion-transmembrane domains were found. Chromosome analysis showed 18 TRP genes on 11 chromosomes and a scaffold. Phylogenetics classified SsTRPs into four subfamilies: TRPM, TRPA, TRPV, and TRPC. In diverse organisms, four monophyletic subfamilies were identified. Additionally, we identified key TRP genes with significantly upregulated transcription levels under short-term (30 min) and long-term (3 days) exposure at 24 °C (optimal elevated temperature) and 27 °C (critical high temperature). We propose that genes upregulated at 30 min may be involved in the primary response process of temperature sensing, while genes upregulated at 3 days may participate in the secondary response process of temperature perception. This study lays the foundation for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of TRPs responses to environmental stimuli in S. schlegelii and other fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Huang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Qian Y, Yu Q, Zhang J, Han Y, Xie X, Zhu D. Identification of transient receptor potential channel genes from the swimming crab, Portunus Trituberculatus, and their expression profiles under acute temperature stress. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:72. [PMID: 38233779 PMCID: PMC10795286 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperature is an important environment factor that is critical to the survival and growth of crustaceans. However, the mechanisms by which crustaceans detect changes in temperature are still unclear. The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are non-selective cation channels well known for properties in temperature sensation. However, comprehensive understandings on TRP channels as well as their temperature sensing functions are still lacking in crustaceans. RESULTS In this study, a total of 26 TRP genes were identified in the swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, which can be classified into TRPA, TRPC, TRPP, TRPM, TRPML, TRPN and TRPV. Tissue expression analysis revealed a wide distribution of these TRP genes in P. trituberculatus, and antennules, neural tissues, and ovaries were the most commonly expressed tissues. To investigate the responsiveness of TRP genes to the temperature change, 18 TRPs were selected to detect their expression after high and low temperature stress. The results showed that 12 TRPs showed induced gene expression in both high and low temperature groups, while 3 were down-regulated in the low temperature group, and 3 showed no change in expression in either group. CONCLUSIONS This study characterized the TRP family genes in P. trituberculatus, and explored their involvement in response to temperature stress. Our results will enhance overall understanding of crustacean TRP channels and their possible functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Qian
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiaoling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaoyao Han
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Dongfa Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Hou Y, Zhang T, Zhang F, Liao T, Li Z. Transcriptome analysis of digestive diverticula of Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongesis) infected with Vibrio harveyi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109120. [PMID: 37813153 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongesis), as the main marine aquaculture shellfish in the South China Sea, not only has high economic and ecological value, but also is an ideal model for conducting research on pathogen host interaction. However, diseases caused by Vibrio pose a serious impediment to the culture of C. hongkongesis. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis of digestive diverticula of C. hongkongesis infected with V. harveyi. A total of 977, 689, 912 high quality reads and 955, 208, 562 valid reads were obtained. At 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection, 1402, 2168, 2727 and 1398 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were captured, respectively. GO enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in cellular processes, catalytic activity, cell part and other terms. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly closely related to Necroptosis, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and other pathways are related. The results of WGCNA analysis indicated that THBS1, CA10, Trpm2, THAP12, PTPRT, HSPA12A, and ADAM10 were the hub genes in the gene co-expression network. This study will provide new ideas at the transcriptome level for the immune regulatory mechanisms and adaptability of the C. hongkongesis to V. infection, as well as for achieving selective breeding for Vibrio resistance in the C. hongkongesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Hou
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Fangqi Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Taoliang Liao
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China.
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Fu H, Li Y, Tian J, Yang B, Li Y, Li Q, Liu S. Contribution of HIF-1α to Heat Shock Response by Transcriptional Regulation of HSF1/HSP70 Signaling Pathway in Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:691-700. [PMID: 37556001 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Ocean temperature rising drastically threatens the adaptation and survival of marine organisms, causing serious ecological impacts and economic losses. It is crucial to understand the adaptive mechanisms of marine organisms in response to high temperature. In this study, a novel regulatory mechanism that is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was revealed in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in response to heat stress. We identified a total of six HIF-1α genes in the C. gigas genome, of which HIF-1α and HIF-1α-like5 were highly induced under heat stress. We found that the HIF-1α and HIF-1α-like5 genes played critical roles in the heat shock response (HSR) through upregulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP). Knocking down of HIF-1α via RNA interference (RNAi) inhibited the expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and HSP70 genes in C. gigas under heat stress. Both HIF-1α and HIF-1α-like5 promoted the transcriptional activity of HSF1 by binding to hypoxia response elements (HREs) within the promoter region. Furthermore, the survival of C. gigas under heat stress was significantly decreased after knocking down of HIF-1α. This work for the first time revealed the involvement of HIF-1α/HSF1/HSP70 pathway in response to heat stress in the oyster and provided an insight into adaptive mechanism of bivalves in the face of ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Fu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yongjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ben Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yin Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Zhang L, Sha Z, Cheng J. Time-Course and Tissue-Specific Molecular Responses to Acute Thermal Stress in Japanese Mantis Shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11936. [PMID: 37569312 PMCID: PMC10419158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current understanding of adaptability to high temperatures is increasingly important as extreme weather events that can trigger immediate physiological stress in organisms have occurred more frequently. Here, we tracked transcriptomic responses of gills, hepatopancreas, and muscle to acute thermal exposure at 30 °C for 0.5, 6, and 12 h in an economically important crustacean, Oratosquilla oratoria, to gain a preliminary understanding of the tissue-specific and dynamic physiological regulation process under acute heat stress. The unique physiological responses of muscle, hepatopancreas, and gills to acute thermal stress were associated with protein degradation, lipid transport, and energy metabolism in O. oratoria, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed transcripts and heat-responsive gene clusters revealed a biphasic protective responsiveness of O. oratoria developed from the early responses of signal transduction, immunity, and cytoskeleton reorganization to the responses dominated by protein turnover and energy metabolism at the mid-late stages under acute heat stress. Noteworthy, trend analysis revealed a consistently upregulated expression pattern of high molecular weight heat shock protein (HSP) family members (HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90) during the entire thermal exposure process, highlighting their importance for maintaining heat resistance in O. oratoria. Documenting the whole process of transcriptional responses at fine temporal resolution will contribute to a far-reaching comprehension of plastic responses to acute heat stress in crustaceans, which is critical in the context of a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiao Cheng
- Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Hu Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Yang H, Tong Z, Tian R, Xu S, Yu L, Guo Y, Shi P, Huang S, Yang G, Shi S, Wei F. Molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution in wild animals and plants. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:453-495. [PMID: 36648611 PMCID: PMC9843154 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Wild animals and plants have developed a variety of adaptive traits driven by adaptive evolution, an important strategy for species survival and persistence. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution is the key to understanding species diversification, phenotypic convergence, and inter-species interaction. As the genome sequences of more and more non-model organisms are becoming available, the focus of studies on molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution has shifted from the candidate gene method to genetic mapping based on genome-wide scanning. In this study, we reviewed the latest research advances in wild animals and plants, focusing on adaptive traits, convergent evolution, and coevolution. Firstly, we focused on the adaptive evolution of morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits. Secondly, we reviewed the phenotypic convergences of life history traits and responding to environmental pressures, and the underlying molecular convergence mechanisms. Thirdly, we summarized the advances of coevolution, including the four main types: mutualism, parasitism, predation and competition. Overall, these latest advances greatly increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms for diverse adaptive traits and species interaction, demonstrating that the development of evolutionary biology has been greatly accelerated by multi-omics technologies. Finally, we highlighted the emerging trends and future prospects around the above three aspects of adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Hu
- CAS Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yongchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zeyu Tong
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ran Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Yalong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Shuangquan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Lab of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Fuwen Wei
- CAS Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum): Characterization and expression patterns of the TRP gene family under heat stress in Manila clams based on genome-wide identification. Gene 2023; 854:147112. [PMID: 36513188 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified a total of 40 transient receptor potential genes (RpTRP) in Manila clam by genome-wide identification and classified them into four categories (TRPV, TRPA, TRPM, TRPC) based on gene structure and subfamily relationships. The protein length of RpTRP genes ranges from 281 amino acids to 1601 amino acids. Molecular weight and theoretical PI values range from 182.82 kDa to 32.43 kDa, respectively, with PI values between 5.17 and 9.25. By comparing the expression profiles of TRP genes during heat stress in Manila clams at different latitudes, we found that most genes in the TRP gene family were up-regulated in expression during heat challenge. Therefore, we determined that TRP genes have an important role in the heat stress of Manila clams. This work provides a basis for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of TRP-mediated heat tolerance in Manila clam and for explaining differences in heat tolerance in Manila clam at different latitudes through key differential TRP genes at the molecular level.
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Martí-Solans J, Børve A, Bump P, Hejnol A, Lynagh T. Peripheral and central employment of acid-sensing ion channels during early bilaterian evolution. eLife 2023; 12:81613. [PMID: 36821351 PMCID: PMC9949801 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems are endowed with rapid chemosensation and intercellular signaling by ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). While a complex, bilaterally symmetrical nervous system is a major innovation of bilaterian animals, the employment of specific LGICs during early bilaterian evolution is poorly understood. We therefore questioned bilaterian animals' employment of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), LGICs that mediate fast excitatory responses to decreases in extracellular pH in vertebrate neurons. Our phylogenetic analysis identified an earlier emergence of ASICs from the overarching DEG/ENaC (degenerin/epithelial sodium channel) superfamily than previously thought and suggests that ASICs were a bilaterian innovation. Our broad examination of ASIC gene expression and biophysical function in each major bilaterian lineage of Xenacoelomorpha, Protostomia, and Deuterostomia suggests that the earliest bilaterian ASICs were probably expressed in the periphery, before being incorporated into the brain as it emerged independently in certain deuterostomes and xenacoelomorphs. The loss of certain peripheral cells from Ecdysozoa after they separated from other protostomes likely explains their loss of ASICs, and thus the absence of ASICs from model organisms Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, our use of diverse bilaterians in the investigation of LGIC expression and function offers a unique hypothesis on the employment of LGICs in early bilaterian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aina Børve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Paul Bump
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityPacific GroveUnited States
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of BergenBergenNorway
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He Z, Yang C, Jiang D, Wang X, Xing Z, Yu S, Yang Q, Wang L. The expression profile of a multi-stress inducible transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100064. [PMID: 36419610 PMCID: PMC9680104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CgTRPV4 with typical structural characteristics was indentified from Crassostrea gigas. CgTRPV4 was located in both endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic membrane of oyster haemocytes. CgTRPV4 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed with the highest level in gill. The expression of CgTRPV4 mRNA was significantly up-regulated after high temperature stress at 30°C or V. splendidus stimulation.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is one of the major non-selective cation channel proteins, which plays a crucial role in sensing biotic and abiotic stresses, such as pathogen infection, temperature, mechanical pressure and osmotic pressure changes by regulating Ca2+ homeostasis. In the present study, a TRPV4 homologue was identified in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, designated as CgTRPV4. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgTRPV4 was of 2298 bp encoding a putative polypeptide of 765 amino acid residues with three typical ankyrin domains and six conserved transmembrane domains of TRPV4 subfamily proteins, as well as multiple N-glycosylation sites, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites, protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, and prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgTRPV4 shared 20.5%-26.2% similarity with TRPV4s from other species. During the early ontogenesis stages of oyster, the mRNA transcripts of CgTRPV4 were detectable in all the stages with the highest expression level in fertilized eggs and the lowest in D-hinged larvae. In adult oyster, the CgTRPV4 mRNA could be detected in all the examined tissues, including gill, hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, labial palp, mantle and haemocyte, with the highest expression level in gill (45.08-fold of that in hepatopancreas, p < 0.05). In immunocytochemical assay, the CgTRPV4 positive signals were distributed in both endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic membrane of oyster haemocytes. The mRNA expression of CgTRPV4 in gill was significantly up-regulated after high temperature stress at 30°C (p < 0.05) and after Vibrio splendidus stimulation (p < 0.05). These results indicated that CgTRPV4 was a classical member of TRPV4 family in oyster, which was induced by either biotic or abiotic stimulations and involved in mediating the stress response of oysters.
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12
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Song K. Genome-Wide Identification of Long Non-coding RNAs in Crassostrea gigas and Their Association with Heat Stress. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:744-752. [PMID: 35882687 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oysters face a complex and changeable environment in the intertidal zone. Heat stress is the main cause of their mass summer deaths. Several important genes are identified to be associated with heat response for oysters. However, regulation of these heat response genes in oysters remains largely unknown. In this study, 27 RNA-seq datasets are used to give a relatively comprehensive of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) sets for C. gigas. Then, the differential expressed genes and lncRNAs are identified under heat stress. Among all the heat shock proteins (HSPs) and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) in the C. gigas genome, 25 heat shock proteins and 14 IAPs are differential expressed. The Gene Ontology analysis reveals that differential expressed genes (DEGs) are enriched in 6, 7, and 7 GO terms in cellular components, molecular function, and biological process, respectively. Within these terms, cellular response to stimulus is the most abundant term. Furthermore, the potential cis target of the differential expressed lncRNAs (DELs) are predicted to investigate their functions. Of the 394 DELs, there are 80 DELs being found to be corresponded to 113 protein-coding genes. Of them, eight HSPs are found to be regulated by their lncRNA regulators under heat stress. This work provides valuable resource of lncRNA and their regulatory roles under heat stress in C. gigas and gives new insights into adaptive evolution in marine mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Qingdao University, Shandong, 266071, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Verlinden SMD, Norton T, Larsen MLV, Schroyen M, Youssef A, Everaert N. Influence of temperature during incubation on the mRNA levels of temperature sensitive ion channels in the brain of broiler chicken embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 268:111199. [PMID: 35337975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermosensation is crucial for the survival of any organism. In animals, changes in brain temperature are detected via sensory neurons, their cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglia. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are the largest temperature sensing family. In mammals, 11 thermoTRPs are known, as in poultry, there are only three. This research further elucidates TRP mRNA expression in the brain of broiler embryo's. Three incubation treatments were conducted on 400 eggs each: the control (C) at 37.6 °C; T1 deviating from C by providing a + 1 °C heat stimuli during embryonic day (ED) 15-20 for 8 h a day; and T2, imposing a + 2 °C heat stimuli. After each heat stimuli, 12 eggs per treatment were taken for blood sampling from the chorioallantoic membrane and brain harvesting. Incubation parameters such has residual yolk (free embryonic) weight, chick quality and hatch percentage were collected. After primer optimization, 22 target genes (13 TRPs and 9 non-TRPs) were measured on mRNA of the brain using a nanofluidic biochip (Fluidigm Corporation). Four target genes (ANO2, TRPV1, SCN5A, TRAAK) have a significant treatment effect - independent of ED. Another four (TRPM8, TRPA1, TRPM2, TRPC3) have a significant treatment effect visible on one or more ED. Heat sensitive channels were increased in T2 and to a lesser degree in T1, which could be part of an acclimatisation process resulting in later life heat tolerance by increased heat sensitivity. T2, however, resulted in a lower hatch weight, quality and hatchability. No hormonal differences were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maria Daniel Verlinden
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tomas Norton
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mona Lilian Vestbjerg Larsen
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Department Gembloux AgroBio Tech, Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Liège University Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Ali Youssef
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and human health engineering, M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700, AH, Wageningen
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Department of Biosystems, Divison Animal and Human Health engineering, NAMES, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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McCarty AJ, Allen SK, Plough LV. Genome-wide analysis of acute low salinity tolerance in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica and potential of genomic selection for trait improvement. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6409860. [PMID: 34849774 PMCID: PMC8727987 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As the global demand for seafood increases, research into the genetic basis of traits that can increase aquaculture production is critical. The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is an important aquaculture species along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States, but increases in heavy rainfall events expose oysters to acute low salinity conditions, which negatively impact production. Low salinity survival is known to be a moderately heritable trait, but the genetic architecture underlying this trait is still poorly understood. In this study, we used ddRAD sequencing to generate genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data for four F2 families to investigate the genomic regions associated with survival in extreme low salinity (<3). SNP data were also used to assess the feasibility of genomic selection (GS) for improving this trait. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and combined linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed significant QTL on eastern oyster chromosomes 1 and 7 underlying both survival and day to death in a 36-day experimental challenge. Significant QTL were located in genes related to DNA/RNA function and repair, ion binding and membrane transport, and general response to stress. GS was investigated using Bayesian linear regression models and prediction accuracies ranged from 0.48 to 0.57. Genomic prediction accuracies were largest using the BayesB prior and prediction accuracies did not substantially decrease when SNPs located within the QTL region on Chr1 were removed, suggesting that this trait is controlled by many genes of small effect. Our results suggest that GS will likely be a viable option for improvement of survival in extreme low salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J McCarty
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
| | - Standish K Allen
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Aquaculture Genetics and Breeding Technology Center, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Louis V Plough
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
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15
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Peng C, Yang Z, Liu Z, Wang S, Yu H, Cui C, Hu Y, Xing Q, Hu J, Huang X, Bao Z. A Systematical Survey on the TRP Channels Provides New Insight into Its Functional Diversity in Zhikong Scallop ( Chlamys farreri). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011075. [PMID: 34681735 PMCID: PMC8539334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel plays a significant role in mediating various sensory physiological functions. It is widely present in the vertebrate and invertebrate genomes and can be activated by multiple compounds, messenger molecules, temperature, and mechanical stimulation. Mollusks are the second largest phylum of the animal kingdom and are sensitive to environmental factors. However, the molecular underpinnings through which mollusks sense and respond to environmental stimulus are unknown. In this study, we systematically identified and characterized 17 TRP channels (C.FA TRPs, seven subfamilies) in the genome of the Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri). All C.FA TRPs had six transmembrane structures (TM1–TM6). The sequences and structural features of C.FA TRPs are highly conserved with TRP channels of other species. Spatiotemporal expression profiling suggested that some C.FA TRPs participated in the early embryonic development of scallops and the sensory process of adult tissues. Notably, the expression of C.FA TRPM3 continuously increased during developmental stages and was highest among all C.FA TRPs. C.FA TRPC-α was specifically expressed in eyes, which may be involved in light transmission of scallop eyes. Under high temperature stress, C.FA TRPA1 and C.FA TRPA1-homolog upregulated significantly, which indicated that the TRPA subfamily is the thermoTRPs channel of scallops. Our results provided the first systematic study of TRP channels in scallops, and the findings will provide a valuable resource for a better understanding of TRP evolution and function in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zhi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Shenhai Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Haitao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Chang Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Yuqing Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, SANYA Oceanographic Institution of the Ocean University of CHINA (SOI-OUC), Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China; (C.P.); (Z.Y.); (Z.L.); (S.W.); (H.Y.); (C.C.); (Y.H.); (Q.X.); (J.H.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, SANYA Oceanographic Institution of the Ocean University of CHINA (SOI-OUC), Sanya 572000, China
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