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Lei Z, Tian Q, Teng Q, Wurpel JND, Zeng L, Pan Y, Chen Z. Understanding and targeting resistance mechanisms in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e265. [PMID: 37229486 PMCID: PMC10203373 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cancer therapies has been a commonly observed phenomenon in clinical practice, which is one of the major causes of treatment failure and poor patient survival. The reduced responsiveness of cancer cells is a multifaceted phenomenon that can arise from genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. Various mechanisms have been discovered and extensively studied, including drug inactivation, reduced intracellular drug accumulation by reduced uptake or increased efflux, drug target alteration, activation of compensatory pathways for cell survival, regulation of DNA repair and cell death, tumor plasticity, and the regulation from tumor microenvironments (TMEs). To overcome cancer resistance, a variety of strategies have been proposed, which are designed to enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment or reduce drug resistance. These include identifying biomarkers that can predict drug response and resistance, identifying new targets, developing new targeted drugs, combination therapies targeting multiple signaling pathways, and modulating the TME. The present article focuses on the different mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer and the corresponding tackling approaches with recent updates. Perspectives on polytherapy targeting multiple resistance mechanisms, novel nanoparticle delivery systems, and advanced drug design tools for overcoming resistance are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Ning Lei
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - Qin Tian
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Qiu‐Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - John N. D. Wurpel
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - Leli Zeng
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Yihang Pan
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
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Shi C, Huang K, Soto J, Sankaran R, Kalia V, Onwumere O, Young M, Einbond L, Redenti S. Piperlongumine inhibits proliferation and oncogenic MYCN expression in chemoresistant metastatic retinoblastoma cells directly and through extracellular vesicles. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114554. [PMID: 36940616 PMCID: PMC10157982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular retinoblastoma malignancies, which develop into metastatic phenotypes, result in poor prognosis and survival for infant and child patients. To improve the prognosis of metastatic retinoblastoma, it is important to identify novel compounds with less toxic side effects and higher therapeutic efficacy compared to existing chemotherapeutics. Piperlongumine (PL), a neuroprotective, plant-derived compound has been explored for its anticancer activities both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we analyze the potential efficacy of PL for metastatic retinoblastoma cell treatment. Our data reveal that PL treatment significantly inhibits cell proliferation in metastatic retinoblastoma Y79 cells compared to the commonly used retinoblastoma chemotherapeutic drugs carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine. PL treatment also significantly increases cell death compared to treatment with other chemotherapeutic drugs. PL-induced cell-death signaling was associated with significantly higher caspase 3/7 activities and greater loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. PL was also internalized into Y79 cells with an estimated concentration of 0.310pM and expression analysis revealed reduced MYCN oncogene levels. We next examined extracellular vesicles derived from PL-treated Y79 cells. Extracellular vesicles in other cancers are pro-oncogenic, mediating systemic toxicities via the encapsulation of chemotherapeutic drugs. Within metastatic Y79 EV samples, an estimated PL concentration of 0.026pM was detected. PL treatment significantly downregulated Y79 EV cargo of the oncogene MYCN transcript. Interestingly, non-PL-treated Y79 cells incubated with EVs from PL-treated cells exhibited significantly reduced cell growth. These findings indicate that in metastatic Y79 cells, PL exhibits potent anti-proliferation effects and oncogene downregulation. Importantly, PL is also incorporated into extracellular vesicles released from treated metastatic cells with measurable anti-cancer effects on target cells at a distance from the site of primary treatment. The use of PL in the treatment of metastatic retinoblastoma may reduce primary tumor proliferation and inhibit metastatic cancer activity systemically via extracellular vesicle circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Shi
- Lehman College, the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kunhui Huang
- Lehman College, the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John Soto
- Lehman College, the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Renuka Sankaran
- Lehman College, the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Onyekwere Onwumere
- Lehman College, the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Young
- The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Linda Einbond
- Lehman College, the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Stephen Redenti
- Lehman College, the City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biology Doctoral Program, The Graduate School of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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3
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Gomes PA, Bodo C, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Samiotaki M, Chen M, Soares-Cunha C, Silva JM, Coimbra B, Stamatakis G, Santos L, Panayotou G, Tzouanou F, Waites CL, Gatsogiannis C, Sousa N, Kapogiannis D, Costa-Silva B, Sotiropoulos I. A novel isolation method for spontaneously released extracellular vesicles from brain tissue and its implications for stress-driven brain pathology. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:35. [PMID: 36782237 PMCID: PMC9926669 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including small EVs (sEVs) such as exosomes, exhibit great potential for the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders, representing a valuable tool for precision medicine. The latter demands high-quality human biospecimens, especially in complex disorders in which pathological and specimen heterogeneity, as well as diverse individual clinical profile, often complicate the development of precision therapeutic schemes and patient-tailored treatments. Thus, the collection and characterization of physiologically relevant sEVs are of the utmost importance. However, standard brain EV isolation approaches rely on tissue dissociation, which can contaminate EV fractions with intracellular vesicles. METHODS Based on multiscale analytical platforms such as cryo-EM, label-free proteomics, advanced flow cytometry, and ExoView analyses, we compared and characterized the EV fraction isolated with this novel method with a classical digestion-based EV isolation procedure. Moreover, EV biogenesis was pharmacologically manipulated with either GW4869 or picrotoxin to assess the validity of the spontaneous-release method, while the injection of labelled-EVs into the mouse brain further supported the integrity of the isolated vesicles. RESULTS We hereby present an efficient purification method that captures a sEV-enriched population spontaneously released by mouse and human brain tissue. In addition, we tested the significance of the release method under conditions where biogenesis/secretion of sEVs was pharmacologically manipulated, as well as under animals' exposure to chronic stress, a clinically relevant precipitant of brain pathologies, such as depression and Alzheimer's disease. Our findings show that the released method monitors the drug-evoked inhibition or enhancement of sEVs secretion while chronic stress induces the secretion of brain exosomes accompanied by memory loss and mood deficits suggesting a potential role of sEVs in the brain response to stress and related stress-driven brain pathology. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the spontaneous release method of sEV yield may contribute to the characterization and biomarker profile of physiologically relevant brain-derived sEVs in brain function and pathology. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristian Bodo
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Minghao Chen
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - George Stamatakis
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Liliana Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - George Panayotou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Foteini Tzouanou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Clarissa L Waites
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christos Gatsogiannis
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Systems Oncology Group, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.
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Yi YW. Therapeutic Implications of the Drug Resistance Conferred by Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043704. [PMID: 36835116 PMCID: PMC9960576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drug resistance is a significant impediment in current cancer treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cells were recently acknowledged as a critical mechanism of drug resistance, tumor progression, and metastasis. EVs are enveloped vesicles comprising a lipid bilayer that transfers various cargo, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, from an originating cell to a recipient cell. Investigating the mechanisms whereby EVs confer drug resistance is still in the early stages. In this review, I analyze the roles of EVs derived from triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC-EVs) in anticancer drug resistance and discuss strategies to overcome TNBC-EV-mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Drug Resistance: Implications on Melanoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041074. [PMID: 36831417 PMCID: PMC9954626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neoplastic diseases. Their role in mediating drug resistance has been widely described in several types of cancers, including melanoma. EVs can mediate drug resistance through several different mechanisms, such as drug-sequestration, transfer of pro-survival proteins and RNA, induction of cancer stem cell-like features and interaction with cells of the tumor microenvironment and immune-system. Melanoma is a highly immunogenic tumor originating from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Several therapeutic strategies currently used in the treatment of melanoma and the combination of BRAF and MEK-inhibitors, as well as immune check-point inhibitors (ICI), have consistently improved the overall survival time of melanoma patients. However, the development of resistance is one of the biggest problems leading to a poor clinical outcome, and EVs can contribute to this. EVs isolated from melanoma cells can contain "sequestered" chemotherapeutic drugs in order to eliminate them, or bioactive molecules (such as miRNA or proteins) that have been proven to play a crucial role in the transmission of resistance to sensitive neoplastic cells. This leads to the hypothesis that EVs could be considered as resistance-mediators in sensitive melanoma cells. These findings are a pivotal starting point for further investigations to better understand EVs' role in drug resistance mechanisms and how to target them. The purpose of this review is to summarize knowledge about EVs in order to develop a deeper understanding of their underlying mechanisms. This could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies able to bypass EV-mediated drug-resistance in melanoma, such as by the use of combination therapy, including EV release inhibitors.
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Pancancer Analysis of Revealed TDO2 as a Biomarker of Prognosis and Immunotherapy. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:5447017. [PMID: 36118672 PMCID: PMC9481368 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5447017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) encoded by TDO2, a rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway, catabolizes tryptophan to kynurenine, evades immune surveillance, and promotes tumor growth. Although accumulating evidence suggests a crucial role of TDO2 during tumor formation and development, systematic evaluation of TDO2 across human cancers has rarely been reported. Methods To shed more light on the role of TDO2 in human cancer, we explored the expression profiles of TDO2 and identified its prognostic value in pancancer analysis through TCGA, CCLE, and GTEx databases. We further utilized TCGA data to evaluate the association between TDO2 and tumor immunological features, such as mismatch repair (MMR), tumor immune infiltration, immune checkpoint-related genes, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). Results TDO2 exhibited different expression levels in various cancer cell lines. Frequently, TDO2 was detected to be highly expressed in the majority of cancers. In addition, high TDO2 expression was correlated with an unfavorable prognosis for patients in KIRP, LGG, TGCT, and UVM. Moreover, high TDO2 expression level positively correlated with higher immune infiltration, especially dendritic cells. Additionally, there is a close relationship between TDO2 and immune checkpoint-related gene markers, such as LAIR1, CD276, NRP1, CD80, and CD86. Finally, correlation analysis has demonstrated a high-correlation between TDO2 and TMB, MSI, MMR, and DNMT of multiple cancer types. Conclusion Therefore, our results suggest that TDO2 can function as a potential prognostic biomarker due to its role in tumor immunity regulation.
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Lombardi F, Augello FR, Artone S, Ayroldi E, Giusti I, Dolo V, Cifone MG, Cinque B, Palumbo P. Cyclooxygenase-2 Upregulated by Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Cells Is Shuttled In Extracellular Vesicles Modifying Recipient Cell Phenotype. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933746. [PMID: 35936755 PMCID: PMC9355724 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is frequent in patients with glioblastoma (GBM), a tumor characterized by a marked inflammatory microenvironment. Recently, we reported that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is upregulated in TMZ-resistant GBM cells treated with high TMZ concentrations. Moreover, COX-2 activity inhibition significantly counteracted TMZ-resistance of GBM cells. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are considered crucial mediators in orchestrating GBM drug resistance by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and affecting the surrounding recipient cell phenotype and behavior. This work aimed to verify whether TMZ, at low and clinically relevant doses (5-20 µM), could induce COX-2 overexpression in GBM cells (T98G and U87MG) and explore if secreted EV shuttled COX-2 to recipient cells. The effect of COX-2 inhibitors (COXIB), Celecoxib (CXB), or NS398, alone or TMZ-combined, was also investigated. Our results indicated that TMZ at clinically relevant doses upregulated COX-2 in GBM cells. COXIB treatment significantly counteracted TMZ-induced COX-2 expression, confirming the crucial role of the COX-2/PGE2 system in TMZ-resistance. The COXIB specificity was verified on U251MG, COX-2 null GBM cells. Western blotting of GBM-EV cells showed the COX-2 presence, with the same intracellular trend, increasing in EV derived from TMZ-treated cells and decreasing in those derived from COXIB+TMZ-treated cells. We then evaluated the effect of EV secreted by TMZ-treated cells on U937 and U251MG, used as recipient cells. In human macrophage cell line U937, the internalization of EV derived by TMZ-T98G cells led to a shift versus a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype. On the other hand, EV from TMZ-T98G induced a significant decrease in TMZ sensitivity in U251MG cells. Overall, our results, in confirming the crucial role played by COX-2 in TMZ-resistance, provide the first evidence of the presence and effective functional transfer of this enzyme through EV derived from GBM cells, with multiple potential consequences at the level of TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Serena Artone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Emira Ayroldi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cifone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Benedetta Cinque, ; Paola Palumbo,
| | - Paola Palumbo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- *Correspondence: Benedetta Cinque, ; Paola Palumbo,
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Console L, Scalise M. Extracellular Vesicles and Cell Pathways Involved in Cancer Chemoresistance. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050618. [PMID: 35629286 PMCID: PMC9143651 DOI: 10.3390/life12050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a pharmacological condition that allows transformed cells to maintain their proliferative phenotype in the presence of administered anticancer drugs. Recently, extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, have been identified as additional players responsible for the chemoresistance of cancer cells. These are nanovesicles that are released by almost all cell types in both physiological and pathological conditions and contain proteins and nucleic acids as molecular cargo. Extracellular vesicles released in the bloodstream reach recipient cells and confer them novel metabolic properties. Exosomes can foster chemoresistance by promoting prosurvival and antiapoptotic pathways, affecting cancer stem cells and immunotherapies, and stimulating drug efflux. In this context, a crucial role is played by membrane transporters belonging to ABC, SLC, and P-type pump families. These proteins are fundamental in cell metabolism and drug transport in either physiological or pathological conditions. In this review, different roles of extracellular vesicles in drug resistance of cancer cells will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Console
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +39-0984-492919 (L.C.); +39-0984-492938 (M.S.)
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9
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Liu M, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhang Q. Role of aurora kinase B in regulating resistance to paclitaxel in breast cancer cells. Hum Cell 2022; 35:678-693. [PMID: 35088239 PMCID: PMC8866333 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinase B (AURKB) is a type of functional kinase with primary functions of participating in cell mitosis, which has been identified to be involved in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors strongly. However, it still remains a controversial with respect to the relationship between the phosphorylation level of AURKB and its function. In our initial research, there was no significant difference in the relative content of AURKB protein between drug-resistant breast cancer cells and wild-type cells; however, its phosphorylation level in drug-resistant cells was significantly higher than that in wild-type cells. Subsequent cell and animal experiments both confirmed the positive correlation between AURKB phosphorylation and drug resistance. Furthermore, PRKCE in the upstream was identified to regulate the phosphorylation of AURKB, which promoted the change of spatial localization of AURKB from nucleus to cytoplasm. Accordingly, phosphorylated AURKB reduced the negative regulation of downstream RAB27B transcription physically, and interacted with RAB27B in cytoplasm to maintain its protein stability. Eventually, it promoted exosome secretion of drug-resistant cells and drug efflux. Using shRNA to knockdown AURKB expression, using hesperadin to inhibit AURKB activity, mutating the AURKB phosphorylation site, or using siRNA as well as BIM to inhibit the activity of the upstream AURKB phosphorylation regulatory protein PRKCE, all of which directly or indirectly reduce AURKB phosphorylation, are effective in reversing PTX resistance in cells. Collectively, this study provides experimental evidence for PRKCE/AURKB/RAB27B axis in regulating the resistance to paclitaxel (PTX) in breast cancer cells, offering a potential intervention target for reversing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China.,Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North Third Ring East Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No. 23 Art museum Back street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100010, China.
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Madrigal T, Hernández-Monge J, Herrera LA, González-De la Rosa CH, Domínguez-Gómez G, Candelaria M, Luna-Maldonado F, Calderón González KG, Díaz-Chávez J. Regulation of miRNAs Expression by Mutant p53 Gain of Function in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695723. [PMID: 34957087 PMCID: PMC8697023 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 roles have been largely described; among them, cell proliferation and apoptosis control are some of the best studied and understood. Interestingly, the mutations on the six hotspot sites within the region that encodes the DNA-binding domain of p53 give rise to other very different variants. The particular behavior of these variants led to consider p53 mutants as separate oncogene entities; that is, they do not retain wild type functions but acquire new ones, namely Gain-of-function p53 mutants. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed how p53 mutants regulate gene expression and exert oncogenic effects by unbalancing specific microRNAs (miRNAs) levels that provoke epithelial-mesenchymal transition, chemoresistance, and cell survival, among others. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of the crosstalk between miRNAs and mutants of p53, as well as the consequent cellular processes dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzitzijanik Madrigal
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y de La Salud, UAM Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Monge
- Cátedra-CONACyT Laboratorio de Biomarcadores Moleculares, Instituto de Física, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Myrna Candelaria
- Subdirección de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Luna-Maldonado
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla G Calderón González
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cáncer, Instituto de Física, UASLP, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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