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Zhang X, Niu Y, Gao C, Kong L, Yang Z, Chang L, Kong X, Bao Z, Hu X. Somatostatin Receptor Gene Functions in Growth Regulation in Bivalve Scallop and Clam. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4813. [PMID: 38732036 PMCID: PMC11083992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bivalves hold an important role in marine aquaculture and the identification of growth-related genes in bivalves could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism governing their growth, which may benefit high-yielding bivalve breeding. Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) is a conserved negative regulator of growth in vertebrates. Although SSTR genes have been identified in invertebrates, their involvement in growth regulation remains unclear. Here, we identified seven SSTRs (PySSTRs) in the Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, which is an economically important bivalve cultured in East Asia. Among the three PySSTRs (PySSTR-1, -2, and -3) expressed in adult tissues, PySSTR-1 showed significantly lower expression in fast-growing scallops than in slow-growing scallops. Then, the function of this gene in growth regulation was evaluated in dwarf surf clams (Mulinia lateralis), a potential model bivalve cultured in the lab, via RNA interference (RNAi) through feeding the clams Escherichia coli containing plasmids expressing double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting MlSSTR-1. Suppressing the expression of MlSSTR-1, the homolog of PySSTR-1 in M. lateralis, resulted in a significant increase in shell length, shell width, shell height, soft tissue weight, and muscle weight by 20%, 22%, 20%, 79%, and 92%, respectively. A transcriptome analysis indicated that the up-regulated genes after MlSSTR-1 expression inhibition were significantly enriched in the fat digestion and absorption pathway and the insulin pathway. In summary, we systemically identified the SSTR genes in P. yessoensis and revealed the growth-inhibitory role of SSTR-1 in bivalves. This study indicates the conserved function of somatostatin signaling in growth regulation, and ingesting dsRNA-expressing bacteria is a useful way to verify gene function in bivalves. SSTR-1 is a candidate target for gene editing in bivalves to promote growth and could be used in the breeding of fast-growing bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Yuli Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Can Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Lingling Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Lirong Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Xiangfu Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Swolin-Eide D, Forsander G, Pundziute Lyckå A, Novak D, Grillari J, Diendorfer AB, Hackl M, Magnusson P. Circulating microRNAs in young individuals with long-duration type 1 diabetes in comparison with healthy controls. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11634. [PMID: 37468555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional control of gene expression and might be used as biomarkers for diabetes-related complications. The aim of this case-control study was to explore potential differences in circulating miRNAs in young individuals with long-duration type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to healthy controls, and how identified miRNAs are expressed across different tissues. Twelve adolescents, age 15.0-17.9 years, with T1D duration of more than 8 years (mean 11.1 years), were enrolled from the Swedish diabetes quality registry. An age-matched control group was recruited. Circulating miRNAs (n = 187) were analyzed by quantitative PCR. We observed that 27 miRNAs were upregulated and one was downregulated in T1D. Six of these miRNAs were tissue-enriched (blood cells, gastrointestinal, nerve, and thyroid tissues). Six miRNAs with the largest difference in plasma, five up-regulated (hsa-miR-101-3p, hsa-miR-135a-5p, hsa-miR-143-3p, hsa-miR-223-3p and hsa-miR-410-3p (novel for T1D)) and one down-regulated (hsa-miR-495-3p), with P-values below 0.01, were selected for further in-silico analyses. AKT1, VEGFA and IGF-1 were identified as common targets. In conclusion, 28 of the investigated miRNAs were differently regulated in long-duration T1D in comparison with controls. Several associations with cancer were found for the six miRNAs with the largest difference in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Swolin-Eide
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gun Forsander
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Auste Pundziute Lyckå
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Novak
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, the Research Center in Cooperation With AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Per Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
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M N N, J K, S R S, Raavi V. The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-Axis and Mitotic Index in South Indian Neonates with Small for Gestational Age. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:216-226. [PMID: 35712880 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2022.2086950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE IGF-axis and mitotic capacity of cells play a vital role in fetal growth. We compared IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 protein levels, mitotic indices, IGFR1 and IGFR2 mRNA expression in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates of Indian women. METHODS Cord blood (n = 80) and placental samples (n = 40) were collected from AGA and SGA neonates. Plasma IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 proteins were measured by ELISA. IGFR1 and IGFR2 mRNA expression in the placenta were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cord blood was cultured in vitro and mitotic index was obtained. RESULTS IGF1 (p = 1), and IGF2 (p = 0.69) protein levels did not differ, whereas IGFBP3 (p = 0.02) was significantly less in SGA compared to AGA neonates. Down-regulation of IGFR1 (3.9-folds) and IGFR2 (2.8-folds) mRNA and reduced mitotic index of lymphocytes was observed in SGA (p = 0.001) compared to AGA neonates. CONCLUSION Our results showed that, SGA neonates displayed down-regulated IGFR1 and IGFR2 mRNA, decreased IGFBP3 protein and mitotic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya M N
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnappa J
- Department of Paediatrics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheela S R
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Raavi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Kolar 563 103, Karnataka, India
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Gorgisen G, Aydin M, Mboma O, Gökyildirim MY, Chao CM. The Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Asthma: New Potential Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710113. [PMID: 36077511 PMCID: PMC9456457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) are proteins that are involved in signaling through the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor (IGFR). They can also interact with other receptors including growth factor receptors. Thus, they represent a critical node for the transduction and regulation of multiple signaling pathways in response to extracellular stimuli. In addition, IRSs play a central role in processes such as inflammation, growth, metabolism, and proliferation. Previous studies have highlighted the role of IRS proteins in lung diseases, in particular asthma. Further, the members of the IRS family are the common proteins of the insulin growth factor signaling cascade involved in lung development and disrupted in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, there is no study focusing on the relationship between IRS proteins and BPD yet. Unfortunately, there is still a significant gap in knowledge in this field. Thus, in this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge with the major goal of exploring the possible roles of IRS in BPD and asthma to foster new perspectives for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Gorgisen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Van 65080, Turkey
| | - Malik Aydin
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Olivier Mboma
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Mira Y. Gökyildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Cho-Ming Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9946735
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The Insulin-like Growth Factor System and Colorectal Cancer. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081274. [PMID: 36013453 PMCID: PMC9410426 DOI: 10.3390/life12081274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are peptides which exert mitogenic, endocrine and cytokine activities. Together with their receptors, binding proteins and associated molecules, they participate in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer development. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, whose etiology usually represents a combination of the environmental and genetic factors. IGFs are most often increased in CRC, enabling excessive autocrine/paracrine stimulation of the cell growth. Overexpression or increased activation/accessibility of IGF receptors is a coinciding step which transmits IGF-related signals. A number of molecules and biochemical mechanisms exert modulatory effects shaping the final outcome of the IGF-stimulated processes, frequently leading to neoplastic transformation in the case of irreparable disbalance. The IGF system and related molecules and pathways which participate in the development of CRC are the focus of this review.
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Tangyuenyong S, Kongdang P, Sirikaew N, Ongchai S. First study on the effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 on the chondrogenesis of elephant articular chondrocytes in a scaffold-based 3D culture model. Vet World 2022; 15:1869-1879. [PMID: 36185520 PMCID: PMC9394124 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1869-1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Osteoarthritis (OA) is recognized as a degenerative joint disease that leads to chronic pain and low quality of life in animals. Captive elephants, the largest land mammals with a long lifespan, are more prone to develop OA due to restricted spaces and insufficient physical activity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on elephant chondrogenesis in a scaffold culture of articular chondrocytes.
Materials and Methods: Elephant chondrocytes-seeded gelatin scaffolds were cultured in chondrogenic media with or without 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1 or IGF-1 alone or 5–10 ng/mL of their combination for up to 21 days. The mRNA expression of cartilage-specific anabolic genes, ACAN and COL2A1, was analyzed using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The amounts of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in conditioned media and contents in cultured scaffolds were determined through dimethylmethylene blue assay. Cell morphology, accumulation of proteoglycans, and details of the cultured scaffolds were determined using hematoxylin-eosin staining, safranin O staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively.
Results: TGF-β1 alone significantly upregulated ACAN gene expression but not COL2A1, while IGF-1 alone did not enhance both ACAN and COL2A1 genes. The combination significantly upregulated both mRNA expression levels of ACAN and COL2A1 gene at day 14. The sGAGs accumulation and contents in the treatment groups, except IGF-1 tended to be higher than the controls, concomitantly with the production of the extracellular matrix, showed the formation of a cartilage-like tissue through histological and SEM analyses.
Conclusion: Together, our results suggest that the single treatment of TGF-β1 has a selective effect on ACAN gene, while the combined growth factors seem to be an advantage on elephant chondrogenesis. This three-dimensional culture model is probably helpful for developing cartilage regeneration in vitro and is further applied in tissue engineering for OA treatment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Tangyuenyong
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patiwat Kongdang
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nutnicha Sirikaew
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Ongchai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Shinoda S, Nakamura N, Roach B, Bernlohr DA, Ikramuddin S, Yamamoto M. Obesity and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress in Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Bariatric Surgery. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1284. [PMID: 35740306 PMCID: PMC9220099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 30% of people in the United States (US) are classified as obese, and over 50% are considered significantly overweight. Importantly, obesity is a risk factor not only for the development of metabolic syndrome but also for many cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, and 5-year survival of PDAC remains around 9% in the U.S. Obesity is a known risk factor for PDAC. Metabolic control and bariatric surgery, which is an effective treatment for severe obesity and allows massive weight loss, have been shown to reduce the risk of PDAC. It is therefore clear that elucidating the connection between obesity and PDAC is important for the identification of a novel marker and/or intervention point for obesity-related PDAC risk. In this review, we discussed recent progress in obesity-related PDAC in epidemiology, mechanisms, and potential cancer prevention effects of interventions, including bariatric surgery with preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Shinoda
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (N.N.); (B.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Naohiko Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (N.N.); (B.R.); (S.I.)
| | - Brett Roach
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (N.N.); (B.R.); (S.I.)
| | - David A. Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Sayeed Ikramuddin
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (N.N.); (B.R.); (S.I.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.S.); (N.N.); (B.R.); (S.I.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Our understanding of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO, A.K.A Graves' orbitopathy, thyroid eye disease) has advanced substantially, since one of us (TJS) wrote the 2010 update on TAO, appearing in this journal. METHODS PubMed was searched for relevant articles. RESULTS Recent insights have resulted from important studies conducted by many different laboratory groups around the World. A clearer understanding of autoimmune diseases in general and TAO specifically emerged from the use of improved research methodologies. Several key concepts have matured over the past decade. Among them, those arising from the refinement of mouse models of TAO, early stage investigation into restoring immune tolerance in Graves' disease, and a hard-won acknowledgement that the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) might play a critical role in the development of TAO, stand out as important. The therapeutic inhibition of IGF-IR has blossomed into an effective and safe medical treatment. Teprotumumab, a β-arrestin biased agonist monoclonal antibody inhibitor of IGF-IR has been studied in two multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trials demonstrated both effectiveness and a promising safety profile in moderate-to-severe, active TAO. Those studies led to the approval by the US FDA of teprotumumab, currently marketed as Tepezza for TAO. We have also learned far more about the putative role that CD34+ fibrocytes and their derivatives, CD34+ orbital fibroblasts, play in TAO. CONCLUSION The past decade has been filled with substantial scientific advances that should provide the necessary springboard for continually accelerating discovery over the next 10 years and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Neag
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - T J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, Brehm Tower, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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