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Sokolova D, Smolarska A, Bartnik P, Rabalski L, Kosinski M, Narajczyk M, Krzyżanowska DM, Rajewska M, Mruk I, Czaplewska P, Jafra S, Czajkowski R. Spontaneous mutations in hlyD and tuf genes result in resistance of Dickeya solani IPO 2222 to phage ϕD5 but cause decreased bacterial fitness and virulence in planta. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7534. [PMID: 37160956 PMCID: PMC10169776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic bacteriophages able to infect and kill Dickeya spp. can be readily isolated from virtually all Dickeya spp. containing environments, yet little is known about the selective pressure those viruses exert on their hosts. Two spontaneous D. solani IPO 2222 mutants (0.8% of all obtained mutants), DsR34 and DsR207, resistant to infection caused by lytic phage vB_Dsol_D5 (ΦD5) were identified in this study that expressed a reduced ability to macerate potato tuber tissues compared to the wild-type, phage-susceptible D. solani IPO 2222 strain. Genome sequencing revealed that genes encoding: secretion protein HlyD (in mutant DsR34) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) (in mutant DsR207) were altered in these strains. These mutations impacted the DsR34 and DsR207 proteomes. Features essential for the ecological success of these mutants in a plant environment, including their ability to use various carbon and nitrogen sources, production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, ability to form biofilms, siderophore production, swimming and swarming motility and virulence in planta were assessed. Compared to the wild-type strain, D. solani IPO 2222, mutants DsR34 and DsR207 had a reduced ability to macerate chicory leaves and to colonize and cause symptoms in growing potato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryna Sokolova
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 148 Academika Zabolotnoho St., Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Anna Smolarska
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences (SGGW), J. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bartnik
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Rabalski
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Kosinski
- Laboratory of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota M Krzyżanowska
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rajewska
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama, 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Inez Mruk
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry-Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paulina Czaplewska
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry-Core Facility Laboratories, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama, 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, A. Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
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Pectobacterium versatile Bacteriophage Possum: A Complex Polysaccharide-Deacetylating Tail Fiber as a Tool for Host Recognition in Pectobacterial Schitoviridae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911043. [PMID: 36232343 PMCID: PMC9569702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel, closely related phages Possum and Horatius infect Pectobacterium versatile, a phytopathogen causing soft rot in potatoes and other essential plants. Their properties and genomic composition define them as N4-like bacteriophages of the genus Cbunavirus, a part of a recently formed family Schitoviridae. It is proposed that the adsorption apparatus of these phages consists of tail fibers connected to the virion through an adapter protein. Tail fibers possess an enzymatic domain. Phage Possum uses it to deacetylate O-polysaccharide on the surface of the host strain to provide viral attachment. Such an infection mechanism is supposed to be common for all Cbunavirus phages and this feature should be considered when designing cocktails for phage control of soft rot.
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Knecht LE, Born Y, Pelludat C, Pothier JF, Smits THM, Loessner MJ, Fieseler L. Spontaneous Resistance of Erwinia amylovora Against Bacteriophage Y2 Affects Infectivity of Multiple Phages. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:908346. [PMID: 35979490 PMCID: PMC9376448 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.908346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad application of antibiotics gave rise to increasing numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Therefore, effective alternatives are currently investigated. Bacteriophages, natural predators of bacteria, could work as such an alternative. Although phages can be highly effective at eliminating specific bacteria, phage resistance can be observed after application. The nature of this resistance, however, can differ depending on the phage. Exposing Erwinia amylovora CFBP 1430, the causative agent of fire blight, to the different phages Bue1, L1, S2, S6, or M7 led to transient resistance. The bacteria reversed to a phage sensitive state after the phage was eliminated. When wild type bacteria were incubated with Y2, permanently resistant colonies (1430Y2R) formed spontaneously. In addition, 1430Y2R revealed cross-resistance against other phages (Bue1) or lowered the efficiency of plating (L1, S2, and S6). Pull down experiments revealed that Y2 is no longer able to bind to the mutant suggesting mutation or masking of the Y2 receptor. Other phages tested were still able to bind to 1430Y2R. Bue1 was observed to still adsorb to the mutant, but no host lysis was found. These findings indicated that, in addition to the alterations of the Y2 receptor, the 1430Y2R mutant might block phage attack at different stage of infection. Whole genome sequencing of 1430Y2R revealed a deletion in the gene with the locus tag EAMY_2231. The gene, which encodes a putative galactosyltransferase, was truncated due to the resulting frameshift. The mutant 1430Y2R was monitored for potential defects or fitness loss. Weaker growth was observed in LB medium compared to the wild type but not in minimal medium. Strain 1430Y2R was still highly virulent in blossoms even though amylovoran production was observed to be reduced. Additionally, LPS structures were analyzed and were clearly shown to be altered in the mutant. Complementation of the truncated EAMY_2231 in trans restored the wild type phenotype. The truncation of EAMY_2231 can therefore be associated with manifold modifications in 1430Y2R, which can affect different phages simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra E. Knecht
- Food Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Born
- Food Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Cosima Pelludat
- Agroscope, Plant Pathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Joël F. Pothier
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Theo H. M. Smits
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Fieseler
- Food Microbiology Research Group, Institute of Food and Beverage Innovation, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Lars Fieseler,
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Resistance of Dickeya solani strain IPO 2222 to lytic bacteriophage ΦD5 results in fitness tradeoffs for the bacterium during infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10725. [PMID: 35750797 PMCID: PMC9232599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to bacteriophage infections protects bacteria in phage-replete environments, enabling them to survive and multiply in the presence of their viral predators. However, such resistance may confer costs for strains, reducing their ecological fitness as expressed as competitiveness for resources or virulence or both. There is limited knowledge about such costs paid by phage-resistant plant pathogenic bacteria in their natural habitats. This study analyzed the costs of phage resistance paid by the phytopathogenic pectinolytic bacterium Dickeya solani both in vitro and in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants. Thirteen Tn5 mutants of D. solani IPO 2222 were identified that exhibited resistance to infection by lytic bacteriophage vB_Dsol_D5 (ΦD5). The genes disrupted in these mutants encoded proteins involved in the synthesis of bacterial envelope components (viz. LPS, EPS and capsule). Although phage resistance did not affect most of the phenotypes of ΦD5-resistant D. solani such as growth rate, production of effectors, swimming and swarming motility, use of various carbon and nitrogen sources and biofilm formation evaluated in vitro, all phage resistant mutants were significantly compromised in their ability to survive on leaf surfaces as well as to grow within and cause disease symptoms in potato plants.
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