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Alvarez F, Liu Z, Bay A, Piccirillo CA. Deciphering the developmental trajectory of tissue-resident Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1331846. [PMID: 38605970 PMCID: PMC11007185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ TREG cells have been at the focus of intense investigation for their recognized roles in preventing autoimmunity, facilitating tissue recuperation following injury, and orchestrating a tolerance to innocuous non-self-antigens. To perform these critical tasks, TREG cells undergo deep epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional changes that allow them to adapt to conditions found in tissues both at steady-state and during inflammation. The path leading TREG cells to express these tissue-specialized phenotypes begins during thymic development, and is further driven by epigenetic and transcriptional modifications following TCR engagement and polarizing signals in the periphery. However, this process is highly regulated and requires TREG cells to adopt strategies to avoid losing their regulatory program altogether. Here, we review the origins of tissue-resident TREG cells, from their thymic and peripheral development to the transcriptional regulators involved in their tissue residency program. In addition, we discuss the distinct signalling pathways that engage the inflammatory adaptation of tissue-resident TREG cells, and how they relate to their ability to recognize tissue and pathogen-derived danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Bay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, QC, Canada
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Alvarez F, Piccirillo CA. The functional adaptation of effector Foxp3 + regulatory T cells to pulmonary inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250273. [PMID: 37366319 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
During infections, the timings of effector differentiation of pulmonary immune responses are of paramount importance, as pathogen persistence and unsuppressed inflammation can rapidly lead to a loss of function, increased frailty, and death. Thus, both an efficient clearance of the danger and a rapid resolution of inflammation are critical to host survival. We now know that tissue-localized FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, are highly attuned to the type of immune response, acquiring unique phenotypic characteristics that allow them to adapt their suppressive functions with the nature of inflammatory cells. To achieve this, activated effector TREG cells acquire specialized TH 1, TH 2, and TH 17-like characteristics that allow them to migrate, survive, and time their function(s) through refined mechanisms. Herein, we describe how this process requires a unique developmental path that includes the acquisition of master transcription factors and the expression of receptors adapted to sense local danger signals that are found during pulmonary inflammation. In turn, we offer an overview of how these characteristics promote the capacity of local effector TREG cells to proliferate, survive, and display suppressive strategies to resolve lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Alvarez F, Istomine R, Da Silva Lira Filho A, Al-Aubodah TA, Huang D, Okde R, Olivier M, Fritz JH, Piccirillo CA. IL-18 is required for the T H1-adaptation of T REG cells and the selective suppression of T H17 responses in acute and chronic infections. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:462-475. [PMID: 37182738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18, a member of the IL-1 family of alarmins, is abundantly released in the lungs following influenza A (IAV) infections yet its role in orchestrating the local adaptive immune response remains ill defined. Through genetic disruption of the IL-18 receptor, we demonstrate that IL-18 not only promotes pulmonary TH1 responses but also influences regulatory T cells (TREG) function in the infected lungs. As the response unfolds, TREG cells accumulating in the lungs express Helios, T-bet, CXCR3, and IL-18R1 and produce interferon γ in the presence of IL-12. During IAV, IL-18R1 is required for TREG cells to control TH17, but not TH1, responses and promote a return to lung homeostasis, revealing a novel mechanism of selective suppression. Moreover, this observation was not limited to the lungs, as skin-localized TREG cells require an IL-18 signal to specifically suppress IL-17A production by TH17 and γδ T cells in a model of chronic cutaneous Leishmania major infection. Overall, these results uncover how IL-18 orchestrates the tissue adaptation of TREG cells to selectively favor TH1 over TH17 responses during TH1-driven immune responses and provide a novel perspective into how IL-18 dictates the immune response during viral and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Roman Istomine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Rakan Okde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), Montréal, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits (MRCCT), Montréal, Canada.
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Malviya V, Yshii L, Junius S, Garg AD, Humblet-Baron S, Schlenner SM. Regulatory T-cell stability and functional plasticity in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:112-129. [PMID: 36479949 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells (Treg ) are indispensable for immune homeostasis and tolerance, and in addition tissue-resident Treg have been found to perform noncanonical, tissue-specific functions. For optimal tolerogenic function during inflammatory disease, Treg are equipped with mechanisms that assure lineage stability. Treg lineage stability is closely linked to the installation and maintenance of a lineage-specific epigenetic landscape, specifically a Treg -specific DNA demethylation pattern. At the same time, for local and directed immune regulation Treg must possess a level of functional plasticity that requires them to partially acquire T helper cell (TH ) transcriptional programs-then referred to as TH -like Treg . Unleashing TH programs in Treg , however, is not without risk and may threaten the epigenetic stability of Treg with consequently pathogenic ex-Treg contributing to (auto-) inflammatory conditions. Here, we review how the Treg -stabilizing epigenetic landscape is installed and maintained, and further discuss the development, necessity and lineage instability risks of TH 1-, TH 2-, TH 17-like Treg and follicular Treg .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshika Malviya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lidia Yshii
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffie Junius
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dutta A, Hung CY, Chen TC, Chang CS, Hsiao SH, Lin YC, Lin CY, Huang CT. The origin of regulatory from the effector cells in LAG-3-marked Th1 immunity against severe influenza virus infection. Immunol Suppl 2022; 169:167-184. [PMID: 36522294 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In severe respiratory virus infections, including influenza, an exaggerated host immune response has been linked to the severe disease and death. Control of the overwhelming immune response is thus essential. Efforts with broad-spectrum immunosuppressive agents such as steroids are disappointing. A better understanding of host immune response using animal experimental system is required to avoid undesired outcome of experimental manipulation. Following severe influenza virus infection in influenza hemagglutinin antigen-specific transgenic mouse experimental model, step-wise evolving cells from a pool of naïve hemagglutinin-specific CD4+ T cells were studied for phenotypic, genomic, and functional characterization in vivo. Naïve CD4+ T cells respond with Th1 commitment in the absolute majority. They first develop into LAG-3Med IFN-γ-secreting Th1 effectors and then evolve into LAG-3High IFN-γ-not-secreting regulators with increasing LAG-3 expression upon continuous activation and cell division. The LAG-3Med IFN-γ-secreting effectors contribute to inflammation, boost inflammatory response of cognate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, and aggravate the disease despite facilitated virus clearance. In contrast, LAG-3High regulators do not contribute to inflammation, suppress CD8+ T cell inflammatory response, alleviate lung pathology, and ameliorate the disease with preserved virus clearance. Moderated CD8+ T cells retain proliferative capacity, and persist beyond virus clearance. Such moderation is distinct from Foxp-3+ regulator-mediated suppression, which suppresses proliferative and inflammatory responses of the CD8+ T cells and impairs virus clearance with inflammation alleviation. Origin of regulatory from the effector cells of LAG-3-marked Th1 immunity alleviates lung inflammation without impairment of virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dutta
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yiu Hung
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shiang Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Han Hsiao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Chen W, Cao Y, Zhong Y, Sun J, Dong J. The Mechanisms of Effector Th Cell Responses Contribute to Treg Cell Function: New Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapy of Asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862866. [PMID: 35898499 PMCID: PMC9309477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 + helper T (Th) cell subsets are critically involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Naive Th cells differentiate into different subsets under the stimulation of different sets of cytokines, and the differentiation process is dominantly driven by lineage specific transcription factors, such as T-bet (Th1), GATA3 (Th2), RORγt (Th17) and Foxp3 (Treg). The differentiation mechanisms driven by these transcription factors are mutually exclusive, resulting in functional inhibition of these Th subsets to each other, particularly prominent between effector Th cells and Treg cells, such as Th2 versus Treg cells and Th17 versus Treg cells. Being of significance in maintaining immune homeostasis, the balance between effector Th cell response and Treg cell immunosuppression provides an immunological theoretical basis for us to understand the immunopathological mechanism and develop the therapy strategies of asthma. However, recent studies have found that certain factors involved in effector Th cells response, such as cytokines and master transcription factors (IL-12 and T-bet of Th1, IL-4 and GATA3 of Th2, IL-6 and RORγt of Th17), not only contribute to immune response of effector Th cells, but also promote the development and function of Treg cells, therefore bridging the interplay between effector Th cell immune responses and Treg cell immunosuppression. Although we have an abundant knowledge concerning the role of these cytokines and transcription factors in effector Th cell responses, our understanding on their role in Treg cell development and function is scattered thus need to be summarized. This review summarized the role of these cytokines and transcription factors involved in effector Th cell responses in the development and function of Treg cells, in the hope of providing new insights of understanding the immunopathological mechanism and seeking potential therapy strategies of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxue Cao
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Sun, ; Jingcheng Dong,
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Sun, ; Jingcheng Dong,
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