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Hui J, Zhang H, Lv J, Lee CH, Chen C, Yan Z, Wang JJ, Peng T, Guo L, Xu Z. Investigation and Prediction of Nano-Silver Line Quality upon Various Process Parameters in Inkjet Printing Process Based on an Experimental Method. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:e876-e895. [PMID: 38689913 PMCID: PMC11057693 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
As an emerging additive manufacturing technology, inkjet printing has been increasingly applied in microelectronics field. However, due to the impacting and rebounding behaviors of conductive ink droplets impinging onto flat substrates, it is challenging to fabricate conductive lines with desired quality, such as suitable line width and line thickness, and matching resistance when it is used for interconnecting multifarious electronic components if there is not a proper configuration of operating parameters. To address this research gap, this article aims to investigate the effect of process parameters on the quality of conductive lines, including the platform temperature, printing speed, number of layers, and delay time (droplet interarrival time), are selected to conduct a full factorial experiment. First, the approximate parameter ranges for ensuring the continuity of conductive lines are determined. Second, this study analyzes the interactive effect among process parameters on line quality. Third, an artificial neural network (ANN) is constructed to predict the quality of printed lines. Results show that the line width does not increase with an increased number of layers, while the line thickness shows an increasing trend. The low resistance and high aspect ratio of printed line are achieved by printing 5 layers with the platform temperature of 70°C, the delay time of 12.2 ms, and the printing speed of 1139.39 mm/min. Moreover, the ANN model can be used to predict line width and line thickness with excellent performance, except for the resistance due to the irregular line edge. This study provides a useful guide for the selection of appropriate printing parameters to realize a diverse range of quality properties for 3D printed conductive lines in integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhuang Hui
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingxiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chul-Hee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiguang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment of MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
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Wu Z, Xing X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li S, Wang W. Flexible Transparent Electrode Based on Ag Nanowires: Ag Nanoparticles Co-Doped System for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:505. [PMID: 38276445 PMCID: PMC10817252 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Flexible organic light-emitting diodes (FOLEDs) have promising potential for future wearable applications because of their exceptional mechanical flexibility. Silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks are the most promising candidates to replace indium tin oxide (ITO), which is limited by its poor bendability. In this study, three different methods including methanol impregnation, argon plasma treatment, and ultraviolet radiation were used to reduce the junction resistance of Ag NWs to optimize the flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs); which were prepared using Ag NWs and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS). Then, the optoelectronic properties of the FTEs were further improved by using a co-doped system of silver nanowires and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), the structure of which consisted of PET/Ag NWs: Ag NPs/PEDOT: PSS/DMSO. The largest FOM value of 1.42 × 10-2 ohm-1 and a low sheet resistance value of 13.86 ohm/sq were obtained using the optimized FTEs. The prepared FOLED based on the optimized FTEs had a luminous efficiency of 6.04 cd/A and a maximum EQE of 1.92%, and exhibited no observed decline in efficiency when reaching maximum luminance. After 500 bending tests, the luminance still reached 82% of the original value. It is demonstrated that the FTEs prepared via the co-doped system have excellent optoelectronic properties as well as high mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Wu
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (Z.W.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Xiaolin Xing
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (Z.W.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (Z.W.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (Z.W.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (Z.W.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (Z.W.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; (Z.W.); (X.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng 252059, China
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Luo C, Liu L, Huang Y, Lou X, Xia F, Song Y. Recent Advances in Printable Flexible Optical Devices: From Printing Technology and Optimization Strategies to Perspectives. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:12061-12075. [PMID: 36542750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible optical devices have triggered booming developments in various research fields, including display equipment, sensors, energy conversion, and so on, due to their high compatibility, portability, and wearability. With the advantages of strong design ability, high precision, and high integration, printing technologies have been recognized as promising methods to realize flexible optical devices. In this Perspective, recent progress on printing strategies for fabricating flexible optical devices are introduced systematically. First, through adjusting the composition of inks, selecting flexible substrates, and controlling external stimulation, fabrication of flexible optical devices based on inkjet printing is illustrated. Then, flexible optical devices fabricated by template-induced printing, 3D printing, slot-die printing, and screen printing are summarized. Finally, prospects and future development directions based on printing technology for flexible optical devices are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, P. R. China
| | - Lingxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, 311305, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan430074, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, 311305, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
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Ivanišević I, Kovačić M, Zubak M, Ressler A, Krivačić S, Katančić Z, Gudan Pavlović I, Kassal P. Amphiphilic Silver Nanoparticles for Inkjet-Printable Conductive Inks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234252. [PMID: 36500875 PMCID: PMC9739383 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale manufacturing of flexible electronics is nowadays based on inkjet printing technology using specially formulated conductive inks, but achieving adequate wetting of different surfaces remains a challenge. In this work, the development of a silver nanoparticle-based functional ink for printing on flexible paper and plastic substrates is demonstrated. Amphiphilic silver nanoparticles with narrow particle size distribution and good dispersibility were prepared via a two-step wet chemical synthesis procedure. First, silver nanoparticles capped with poly(acrylic acid) were prepared, followed by an amidation reaction with 3-morpholynopropylamine (MPA) to increase their lipophilicity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to study the interactions between the particles and the dispersion medium in detail. The amphiphilic nanoparticles were dispersed in solvents of different polarity and their physicochemical and rheological properties were determined. A stable ink containing 10 wt% amphiphilic silver nanoparticles was formulated and inkjet-printed on different surfaces, followed by intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering. Low sheet resistances of 3.85 Ω sq-1, 0.57 Ω sq-1 and 19.7 Ω sq-1 were obtained for the paper, coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and uncoated polyimide (PI) flexible substrates, respectively. Application of the nanoparticle ink for printed electronics was demonstrated via a simple flexible LED circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Ivanišević
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Kovačić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Zubak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonia Ressler
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sara Krivačić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Katančić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Gudan Pavlović
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Kassal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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In Situ Growth of Nanosilver on Fabric for Flexible Stretchable Electrodes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113236. [PMID: 36362024 PMCID: PMC9657318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible sensing can disruptively change the physical form of traditional electronic devices to achieve flexibility in information acquisition, processing, transmission, display, and even energy, and it is a core technology for a new generation of the industrial internet. Fabric is naturally flexible and stretchable, and its knitted ability makes it flexibility and stretchability even more adjustable. However, fabric needs to be electrically conductive to be used for flexible sensing, which allows it to carry a variety of circuits. The dip-coating technique is a common method for preparing conductive fabrics, which are made conductive by attaching conductive fillers to the fabrics. However, the adhesion of the conductive fillers on the surface of such conductive fabrics is weak, and the conductive property will decay rapidly because the conductive filler falls off after repeated stretching, limiting the lifespan of flexible electronic devices based on conductive fabric. We chose multifunctional nanosilver as a conductive filler, and we increased the adhesion of nanosilver to fabric fiber by making nanosilver grow in situ and cover the fiber, so as to obtain conductive fabric with good conductivity. This conductive fabric has a minimum square resistance of 9 Ω/sq and has better electrical conductivity and more stable electrical properties than the conductive fabric prepared using the dip-coating process, and its square resistance did not increase significantlyafter 60 stretches.
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Yang Y, Duan S, Zhao H. Advances in constructing silver nanowire-based conductive pathways for flexible and stretchable electronics. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11484-11511. [PMID: 35912705 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02475f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With their soaring technological demand, flexible and stretchable electronics have attracted many researchers' attention for a variety of applications. The challenge which was identified a decade ago and still remains, however, is that the conventional electrodes based on indium tin oxide (ITO) are not suitable for ultra-flexible electronic devices. The main reason is that ITO is brittle and expensive, limiting device performance and application. Thus, it is crucial to develop new materials and processes to construct flexible and stretchable electrodes with superior quality for next-generation soft devices. Herein, various types of conductive nanomaterials as candidates for flexible and stretchable electrodes are briefly reviewed. Among them, silver nanowire (AgNW) is selected as the focus of this review, on account of its excellent conductivity, superior flexibility, high technological maturity, and significant presence in the research community. To fabricate a reliable AgNW-based conductive network for electrodes, different processing technologies are introduced, and the corresponding characteristics are compared and discussed. Furthermore, this review summarizes strategies and the latest progress in enhancing the conductive pathway. Finally, we showcase some exemplary applications and provide some perspectives about the remaining technical challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Yang
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Shun Duan
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, BioTech One, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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High-resolution deposition of conductive and insulating materials at micrometer scale on complex substrates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9327. [PMID: 35665755 PMCID: PMC9167286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing transforms the landscape of modern microelectronics. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in the fabrication of 2D planar structures and free-standing 3D architectures. In this work, we present a much-needed intermediary approach: we introduce the Ultra-Precise Deposition (UPD) technology, a versatile platform for material deposition at micrometer scale on complex substrates. The versality of this approach is related to three aspects: material to be deposited (conductive or insulating), shape of the printed structures (lines, dots, arbitrary shapes), as well as type and shape of the substrate (rigid, flexible, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, substrates with pre-existing features). The process is based on the direct, maskless deposition of high-viscosity materials using narrow printing nozzles with the internal diameter in the range from 0.5 to 10 µm. For conductive structures we developed highly concentrated non-Newtonian pastes based on silver, copper, or gold nanoparticles. In this case, the feature size of the printed structures is in the range from 1 to 10 µm and their electrical conductivity is up to 40% of the bulk value, which is the record conductivity for metallic structures printed with spatial resolution below 10 µm. This result is the effect of the synergy between the printing process itself, formulation of the paste, and the proper sintering of the printed structures. We demonstrate a pathway to print such fine structures on complex substrates. We argue that this versatile and stable process paves the way for a widespread use of additive manufacturing for microfabrication.
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Inkjet-Printed Silver Nanowire Ink for Flexible Transparent Conductive Film Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050842. [PMID: 35269335 PMCID: PMC8912571 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of flexible transparent conductive electrodes has been considered as a key issue in realizing flexible functional electronics. Inkjet printing provides a new opportunity for the manufacture of FFE due to simple process, cost-effective, environmental friendliness, and digital method to circuit pattern. However, obtaining high concentration of inkjet- printed silver nanowires (AgNWs) conductive ink is a great challenge because the high aspect ratio of AgNWs makes it easy to block the jetting nozzle. This study provides an inkjet printing AgNWs conductive ink with low viscosity and high concentration of AgNWs and good printing applicability, especially without nozzle blockage after printing for more than 4 h. We discussed the effects of the components of the ink on surface tension, viscosity, contact angle as well as droplet spreading behavior. Under the optimized process and formulation of ink, flexible transparent conductive electrode with a sheet resistance of 32 Ω·sq−1–291 nm·sq−1 and a transmittancy at 550 nm of 72.5–86.3% is achieved. We investigated the relationship between the printing layer and the sheet resistance and the stability of the sheet resistance under a bending test as well as the infrared thermal response of the AgNWs–based flexible transparent conductive electrode. We successfully printed the coupling electrodes and demonstrated the excellent potential of inkjet-printed AgNWs—based flexible transparent conductive electrode for developing flexible functional electronics.
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Kuijer HNJ, Shirley NJ, Khor SF, Shi J, Schwerdt J, Zhang D, Li G, Burton RA. Transcript Profiling of MIKCc MADS-Box Genes Reveals Conserved and Novel Roles in Barley Inflorescence Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:705286. [PMID: 34539699 PMCID: PMC8442994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.705286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box genes have a wide range of functions in plant reproductive development and grain production. The ABCDE model of floral organ development shows that MADS-box genes are central players in these events in dicotyledonous plants but the applicability of this model remains largely unknown in many grass crops. Here, we show that transcript analysis of all MIKCc MADS-box genes through barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) inflorescence development reveals co-expression groups that can be linked to developmental events. Thirty-four MIKCc MADS-box genes were identified in the barley genome and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) scanning of 22,626 barley varieties revealed that the natural variation in the coding regions of these genes is low and the sequences have been extremely conserved during barley domestication. More detailed transcript analysis showed that MADS-box genes are generally expressed at key inflorescence developmental phases and across various floral organs in barley, as predicted by the ABCDE model. However, expression patterns of some MADS genes, for example HvMADS58 (AGAMOUS subfamily) and HvMADS34 (SEPALLATA subfamily), clearly deviate from predicted patterns. This places them outside the scope of the classical ABCDE model of floral development and demonstrates that the central tenet of antagonism between A- and C-class gene expression in the ABC model of other plants does not occur in barley. Co-expression across three correlation sets showed that specifically grouped members of the barley MIKCc MADS-box genes are likely to be involved in developmental events driving inflorescence meristem initiation, floral meristem identity and floral organ determination. Based on these observations, we propose a potential floral ABCDE working model in barley, where the classic model is generally upheld, but that also provides new insights into the role of MIKCc MADS-box genes in the developing barley inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik N. J. Kuijer
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Shi F. Khor
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Julian Schwerdt
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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