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Guo ZJ, Liu Y, Yang JY, Jin MY, Mao PW, Zhou XW. Evaluating the Application Potential of a Recombinant Ganoderma Protein as Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmetics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073272. [PMID: 37050035 PMCID: PMC10096787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the application potential of a recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma lucidum (rFIP-glu). First, a recombinant plasmid pPIC9K::FIP-glu-His was transferred into Pichia pastoris for the production of protein. The protein was then to assess its free radical scavenging abilities and the effect on the viability of both human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and mouse B16-F10 melanoma cells (B16 cells) in vitro, followed by the effect on the melanin synthesis of B16 cells. The results of SDS-PAGE and western blot showed that rFIP-glu was successfully expressed. Furtherly, a bioactivity assay in vitro indicated that the scavenging rate of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals reached 84.5% at 6.0 mg/mL (p ≤ 0.0001) of rFIP-glu, showing strong antioxidant activity. Subsequently, a safety evaluation demonstrated that rFIP-glu promoted the proliferation of HaCaT cells, with the cell viability reaching 124.3% at 48 μg/mL (p ≤ 0.01), regarding the cell viability of B16 cells after exposure to rFIP-glu (48 μg/mL) significantly inhibited, to 80.7% (p ≤ 0.01). Besides, rFIP-glu inhibited the melanin synthesis of B16 cells in a dose-dependent manner from 100–1000 μg/mL, and rFIP-glu at 500 μg/mL (p ≤ 0.01) exhibited the highest intracellular melanin amount reduction of 16.8%. Furthermore, a mechanism analysis showed that rFIP-glu inhibited tyrosinase (TYR) activity by up-regulating the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and down-regulating the gene expression of TYR and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP-1), thus inhibiting melanin synthesis. The data implied that rFIP-glu had significant antioxidant activity and whitening potency. It should be used as raw materials for cosmeceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Guo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jia-Yi Yang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Jin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pei-Wen Mao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Osuna I, Dolinska MB, Sergeev YV. In Vitro Reconstitution of the Melanin Pathway's Catalytic Activities Using Tyrosinase Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:639. [PMID: 36614088 PMCID: PMC9820814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanogenesis pathway is characterized by a series of reactions catalyzed by key enzymes, such as tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2), and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), to produce melanin pigment. However, in vitro studies of the catalytic activity were incomplete because of a lack of commercially available enzyme substrates, such as dopachrome. Herein, human recombinant intra-melanosomal domains of key enzymes were produced in Trichoplusia ni (T. ni) larvae and then purified using a combination of chromatography techniques in catalytically active form. Using Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the diphenol oxidase activity of tyrosinase achieved the maximum production of native dopachrome at 10 min of incubation at 37 °C for TYR immobilized to magnetic beads (TYR-MB). The presence of dopachrome was confirmed spectrophotometrically at 475 nm through HPLC analysis and in the TYRP2-catalyzed reaction, yielding 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). In the TYRP1-driven oxidation of DHICA, the formation of 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid (IQCA) was confirmed at ~560 nm. This is the first in vitro reconstitution of the reactions from the melanogenic pathway based on intra-melanosomal domains. In the future, this approach could be used for quantitative in vitro analysis of the melanin pathway, biochemical effects associated with inherited disease-related mutations, and drug screens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20891, USA
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Li H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Guo Z, Chen M, Li B, Xue H, Ji S, Li H, Qin L, Zhu L, Wang J, Zhu H. Identification of the Key Enzymes in WL Gum Biosynthesis and Critical Composition in Viscosity Control. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:918687. [PMID: 35711643 PMCID: PMC9197254 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.918687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important microbial exopolysaccharide, the sphingan WL gum could be widely used in petroleum, food, and many other fields. However, its lower production is still limiting its wider application. Therefore, to gain insights into the bottlenecks of WL gum production by identifying the key enzymes in the WL gum biosynthesis pathway, more than 20 genes were over-expressed in Sphingomonas sp. WG and their effects on WL gum production and structure were investigated. Compared to the control strain, the WL gum production of welB over-expression strain was increased by 19.0 and 21.0% at 36 and 84 h, respectively. The WL gum production of both atrB and atrD over-expression strains reached 47 g/L, which was approximately 34.5% higher than that of the control strain at 36 h. Therefore, WelB, AtrB, and AtrD may be the key enzymes in WL production. Interestingly, the broth viscosity of most over-expression strains decreased, especially the welJ over-expression strain whose viscosity decreased by 99.3% at 84 h. Polysaccharides' structural features were investigated to find the critical components in viscosity control. The uronic acid content and total sugar content was affected by only a few genes, therefore, uronic acid and total sugar content may be not the key composition. In comparison, the acetyl degrees were enhanced by over-expression of most genes, which meant that acetyl content may be the critical factor and negatively correlated with the apparent viscosity of WL gum. This work provides useful information on the understanding of the bottlenecks of WL gum biosynthesis and will be helpful for the construction of high WL gum-yielding strains and rheological property controlling in different industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Zaimei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Jianlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Mengqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Benchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Han Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Sixue Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Lijian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Jiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China.,Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian-Taiwan Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
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