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Kawagoe F, Mototani S, Kittaka A. Efficient Stereo-Selective Fluorination on Vitamin D 3 Side-Chain Using Electrophilic Fluorination. Biomolecules 2023; 14:37. [PMID: 38254637 PMCID: PMC10812995 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Our research regarding side-chain fluorinated vitamin D3 analogues has explored a series of efficient fluorination methods. In this study, a new electrophilic stereo-selective fluorination methodology at C24 and C22 positions of the vitamin D3 side-chain was developed using N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) and CD-ring imides with an Evans chiral auxiliary (26,27,30).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (F.K.); (S.M.)
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Moskalik MY. Monofluoromethylation of N-Heterocyclic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17593. [PMID: 38139426 PMCID: PMC10744182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on recent advances in the methodologies for the formation or introduction of the CH2F moiety in N-heterocyclic substrates over the past 5 years. The monofluoromethyl group is one of the most versatile fluorinated groups used to modify the properties of molecules in synthetic medical chemistry. The review summarizes two strategies for the monofluoromethylation of N-containing heterocycles: direct monofluoromethylation with simple XCH2F sources (for example, ICH2F) and the assembly of N-heterocyclic structures from CH2F-containing substrates. The review describes the monofluoromethylation of pharmaceutically important three-, five- and six-membered N-heterocycles: pyrrolidines, pyrroles, indoles, imidazoles, triazoles, benzothiazoles, carbazoles, indazoles, pyrazoles, oxazoles, piperidines, morpholines, pyridines, quinolines and pyridazines. Assembling of 6-fluoromethylphenanthridine, 5-fluoromethyl-2-oxazolines, C5-monofluorinated isoxazoline N-oxides, and α-fluoromethyl-α-trifluoromethylaziridines is also shown. Fluoriodo-, fluorchloro- and fluorbromomethane, FCH2SO2Cl, monofluoromethyl(aryl)sulfoniummethylides, monofluoromethyl sulfides, (fluoromethyl)triphenylphosphonium iodide and 2-fluoroacetic acid are the main fluoromethylating reagents in recent works. The replacement of atoms and entire functional groups with a fluorine atom(s) leads to a change and often improvement in activity, chemical or biostability, and pharmacokinetic properties. The monofluoromethyl group is a bioisoster of -CH3, -CH2OH, -CH2NH2, -CH2CH3, -CH2NO2 and -CH2SH moieties. Bioisosteric replacement with the CH2F group is both an interesting task for organic synthesis and a pathway to modify drugs, agrochemicals and useful intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Yu Moskalik
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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Zárate-Ruíz A, Seoane S, Peluso-Iltis C, Peters S, Gregorio C, Guiberteau T, Maestro M, Pérez-Fernández R, Rochel N, Mouriño A. Further Studies on the Highly Active Des-C-Ring and Aromatic-D-Ring Analogues of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (Calcitriol): Refinement of the Side Chain. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15326-15339. [PMID: 37910811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Current efforts in the vitamin D field are directed toward the development of highly antiproliferative yet noncalcemic analogues of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3). We have recently reported the design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and crystal structures of a series of novel analogues that both lack the steroidal C-ring and have an m-phenylene ring replacing the steroidal cyclopentane D-ring. We have now investigated the potentiating effects of incorporating selected modifications (hexafluorination and/or an internal triple bond) within the steroidal side chain in our series. An alternative synthetic strategy (Wittig-Horner approach instead of our previously used Pd-catalyzed tandem cyclization/cross-coupling) for the construction of the vitamin D triene system was found convenient for the target compounds 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c of this report. These modifications enhance vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) interactions and consequently VDR-associated biological properties compared to parental PG-136 compound while maintaining normal calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Zárate-Ruíz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Stefan Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Carlos Gregorio
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Thierry Guiberteau
- Laboratoire ICube─Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Miguel Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Physiology-Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC); Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Kawagoe F, Mototani S, Yasuda K, Takeuchi A, Mano H, Kakuda S, Saitoh H, Sakaki T, Kittaka A. Synthesis of (22 R)-, (22 S)-22-Fluoro-, and 22,22-Difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and Effects of Side-Chain Fluorination on Biological Activity and CYP24A1-Dependent Metabolism. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12394-12408. [PMID: 37590101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Three novel analogues of C22-fluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (5-7) were synthesized and evaluated to investigate the effects of side-chain fluorination on biological activity and metabolism of vitamin D. These novel analogues were constructed by convergent synthesis applying the Wittig-Horner coupling reaction between CD-ring ketones (41,42,44) and A-ring phosphine oxide (11). The introduction of C22-fluoro units was achieved by stereoselective deoxy-fluorination for synthesizing 5 and 6 or two-step cationic fluorination for 7. The absolute configuration of the C22-fluoro-8-oxo-CD-ring (39) was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic structure determination. The basic biological activity of the side-chain fluorinated analogues, including compounds (5-7), was evaluated. Generally, osteocalcin promoter transactivation activity decreased in the order of C24-fluoro, C23-fluoro, and C22-fluoro analogues. In addition, the metabolic stability of C22-fluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (5-7) against hCYP24A1 metabolism was also evaluated. 22,22-Difluoro-25(OH)D3 (7) was more stable against hCYP24A1 metabolism compared with its non-fluorinated counterpart 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1), but fluorination at the C22 position had little effect on the metabolic stability compared with C24- and C23-fluoro analogues. Our research clarified that side-chain fluorination in vitamin D markedly changes CYP24A1 metabolic stability depending on the fluorinating position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kawagoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Sayuri Mototani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Akiko Takeuchi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mano
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakuda
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saitoh
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Kawagoe F, Mototani S, Yasuda K, Mano H, Takeuchi A, Saitoh H, Sakaki T, Kittaka A. Synthesis of New 26,27-Difluoro- and 26,26,27,27-Tetrafluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D 3: Effects of Terminal Fluorine Atoms on Biological Activity and Half-life. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2023; 71:717-723. [PMID: 37423740 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
As an extension of our research on providing a chemical library of side-chain fluorinated vitamin D3 analogues, we newly designed and synthesized 26,27-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1) and 26,26,27,27-tetrafluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (2) using a convergent method applying the Wittig-Horner coupling reaction between CD-ring ketones (13, 14) and A-ring phosphine oxide (5). The basic biological activities of analogues, 1, 2, and 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [HF-25(OH)D3] were examined. Although the tetrafluorinated new compound 2 exhibited higher binding affinity for vitamin D receptor (VDR) and resistance to CYP24A1-dependent metabolism compared with the difluorinated 1 and its non-fluorinated counterpart 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], HF-25(OH)D3 showed the highest activity among these compounds. Osteocalcin promoter transactivation activity of these fluorinated analogues was tested, and it decreased in the order of HF-25(OH)D3, 2, 1, and 25(OH)D3 in which HF-25(OH)D3 showed 19-times greater activity than the natural 25(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaori Yasuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University
| | - Hiroki Mano
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University
| | - Akiko Takeuchi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Saitoh
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd
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The First Convergent Synthesis of 23,23-Difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and Its 24-Hydroxy Derivatives: Preliminary Assessment of Biological Activities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165352. [PMID: 36014588 PMCID: PMC9415778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report an efficient synthetic route for the 23,23-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (5) and its 24-hydroxylated analogues (7,8), which are candidates for the CYP24A1 main metabolites of 5. The key fragments, 23,23-difluoro-CD-ring precursors (9-11), were synthesized starting from Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol (12), and introduction of the C23 difluoro unit to α-ketoester (19) was achieved using N,N-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). Preliminary biological evaluation revealed that 23,23-F2-25(OH)D3 (5) showed approximately eight times higher resistance to CYP24A1 metabolism and 12 times lower VDR-binding affinity than its nonfluorinated counterpart 25(OH)D3 (1).
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Kutner A, Brown G, Kallay E. Novel Strategies in the Development of New Therapies, Drug Substances, and Drug Carriers Volume I. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126635. [PMID: 35743075 PMCID: PMC9224470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kutner
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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