1
|
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis Underlying Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020271. [PMID: 36830640 PMCID: PMC9953031 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are congenital retinal degenerative diseases that have various inheritance patterns, including dominant, recessive, X-linked, and mitochondrial. These diseases are most often the result of defects in rod and/or cone photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium function, development, or both. The genes associated with these diseases, when mutated, produce altered protein products that have downstream effects in pathways critical to vision, including phototransduction, the visual cycle, photoreceptor development, cellular respiration, and retinal homeostasis. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of the underlying molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of IRDs by delving into many of the genes associated with IRD development, their protein products, and the pathways interrupted by genetic mutation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Maltese PE, Colombo L, Martella S, Rossetti L, El Shamieh S, Sinibaldi L, Passarelli C, Coppè AM, Buzzonetti L, Falsini B, Chiurazzi P, Placidi G, Tanzi B, Bertelli M, Iarossi G. Genetics of Inherited Retinal Diseases in Understudied Ethnic Groups in Italian Hospitals. Front Genet 2022; 13:914345. [PMID: 35836572 PMCID: PMC9274138 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.914345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Describing the clinical and genetic features of an ethnically heterogeneous group of (inherited retinal diseases) IRD patients from different underrepresented countries, referring to specialized Italian Hospitals, and expanding the epidemiological spectrum of the IRD in understudied populations. Methods: The patients’ phenotypes underwent were characterized by exhaustive ophthalmological examinations, including morpho-functional testing. Genetic testing was performed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and gene sequencing panels targeting a specific set of genes, Sanger sequencing and—when necessary—multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to better identify the genotype. When possible, segregation analysis was performed in order to confirm unsolved cases. Results: The article reports the results of the phenotypes and genotypes of 123 IRD probands, 69 males and 54 females, mean age 41 (IQR, 54–30) years, disease onset at 13 (IQR, 27.25–5) years. Thirty-three patients out of 123 (26.8%) were Africans (North/Northwest Africa), 21 (17.1%) Asians, 19 (15.4%) Americans (South/Central America) and 50 (40.7%) Europeans (Eastern Europe). Retinitis pigmentosa was the most represented phenotype (56%), followed by cone dystrophy (11%) and Leber congenital amaurosis (7%), while ABCA4 was the most frequently mutated gene (18%), followed by USH2A (9%) and RPGR (5%). About ABCA4 variants found in Stargardt disease, macular and cone dystrophies were predominant in Asian (42%) and European (21%) patients. The most represented inheritance pattern was autosomal recessive, while a higher frequency of homozygous patients versus compound heterozygotes as compared to previous studies on Italian IRD patients was evidenced, reflecting a possible higher frequency of inbreeding marriages. Conclusion: Though limited by the relatively low number of patients, the present paper paints a picture of the clinical and genetic features of IRD patients from understudied ethnic groups referred to Italian specialized hospitals and extended the epidemiological studies on underrepresented world regional areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Colombo
- Department of Ophthalmology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Martella
- Department of Ophthalmology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rossetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Said El Shamieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lorenzo Sinibaldi
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Rare Disease and Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Passarelli
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Maria Coppè
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Buzzonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Falsini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS/Universita’ Cattolica del S. Cuore, Ophthalmology Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS & Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Universita’ Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Placidi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS/Universita’ Cattolica del S. Cuore, Ophthalmology Unit, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Bertelli
- Magi’s Lab S.R.L., Rovereto, Italy
- MAGI Euregio s.c.s., Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Iarossi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|