Effects of 4-Hexylresorcinol on Craniofacial Growth in Rats

Therapeutic Potential of 4-Hexylresorcinol in Preserving Testicular Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

It is known that many diabetic patients experience testicular atrophy. This study sought to investigate the effect of 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR) on testicular function in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, focusing on testicular weight, sperm motility, histological alterations, and serum testosterone levels to understand the efficacy of 4HR on testes. Our findings reveal that 4HR treatment significantly improves testicular health in diabetic rats. Notably, the STZ group exhibited a testicular weight of 1.22 ± 0.48 g, whereas the STZ/4HR group showed a significantly enhanced weight of 1.91 ± 0.26 g (p < 0.001), aligning closely with the control group's weight of 1.99 ± 0.17 g and the 4HR group's weight of 2.05 ± 0.24 g, indicating no significant difference between control and 4HR groups (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the STZ/4HR group demonstrated significantly improved sperm motility compared to the STZ group, with apoptotic indicators notably reduced in the STZ/4HR group relative to the STZ group (p < 0.05). These results underscore the therapeutic potential of 4HR for maintaining testicular function under diabetic conditions.

Effects of 4-hexylresorcinol on facial skeletal development in growing rats: Considerations for diabetes

Objective

: To investigate the long-term effects of 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR) on facial skeletal growth in growing male rats, with a focus on diabetic animal models.

Methods

: Forty male rats were used. Of them, type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced in 20 animals by administering 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), and they were assigned to either the STZ or 4HR-injected group (STZ/4HR group). The remaining 20 healthy rats were divided into control and 4HR groups. We administered 4HR subcutaneously at a weekly dose of 10 mg/kg until the rats were euthanized. At 16 weeks of age, whole blood was collected, and micro-computed tomography of the skull and femur was performed.

Results

: All craniofacial linear measurements were smaller in the STZ group than in the control group. The mandibular molar width was significantly smaller in the 4HR group than in the control group (P = 0.031) but larger in the STZ/4HR group than in the STZ group (P = 0.011). Among the diabetic animals, the STZ/4HR group exhibited significantly greater cortical bone thickness, bone mineral density, and bone volume than the STZ group. Serum testosterone levels were also significantly higher in the STZ/4HR group than in the STZ group.

Conclusions

: 4HR administration may have divergent effects on mandibular growth and bone mass in healthy and diabetic rats. In the context of diabetes, 4HR appears to have beneficial effects, potentially through the modulation of mitochondrial respiration.

Administration of 4‑hexylresorcinol increases p53‑mediated transcriptional activity in oral cancer cells with the p53 mutation

The p53 mutation is inherent in over 50% of human cancers. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the p53 mutation is associated with a poor prognosis. 4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is a pharmacologic chaperone. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of 4HR on p53 transcriptional activity in oral carcinoma cells with p53 mutations. To identify conformational changes induced by 4HR administration, peptides including the DNA-binding domain from mutant and wild-type p53 were synthesized, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed. To determine the effect of 4HR on p53 mutant carcinoma cells, western blot analysis, p53 transcriptional activity analysis, MTT assay and apoptosis immunocytochemistry were performed. The YD-15 cell line has a mutation in the DNA binding domain of p53 (Glu258Ala). When p53 Ala-258 was coupled by 4HR, the p53 Ala-258 structure lost its original conformation and approached a conformation similar to that of p53 Glu-258. In the cell experiments, 4HR administration to p53 mutant cells increased p53 transcriptional activity and the expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X (BAX) and BCL2-associated agonist of cell death (BAD). Accordingly, 4HR administration on YD-15 cells decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. In conclusion, 4HR is a potential substance for use in the recovery of loss-of-function in mutant p53 as a pharmacologic chaperone.

Effects of 4-hexylresorcinol administration on the submandibular glands in a growing rat model

Background

4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is a food additive and class I histone deacetylase inhibitor. In this study, we examined the effects of 4HR administration on the submandibular gland in a growing rat model.

Methods

Four-week-old rats were used in this study. The experimental group (nine males and eight females) received 12.8 mg/kg of 4HR weekly for 12 weeks. Ten rats (five males and five females) were used as controls. The submandibular glands of rats were collected 12 weeks after the first administration of 4HR. The weight of the glands was measured. Histological analysis, immunoprecipitation-high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC), and western blotting were performed.

Results

The weights of the rat submandibular glands were higher in the experimental groups than in the control group, especially in male rats (P < 0.05). The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and testosterone in the submandibular glands were more highly expressed in 4HR-treated male rats than in untreated rats, as detected by both western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The IP-HPLC results demonstrated that the expression levels of Ki67, epidermal growth factor, and testosterone in the submandibular glands were higher in 4HR-treated male rats than in untreated rats.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the systemic administration of 4HR increased the weight of submandibular glands in male rats. In addition, the testosterone and VEGF expression levels in the submandibular glands increased owing to 4HR administration.

4-Hexylresorcinol: pharmacologic chaperone and its application for wound healing

4-Hexylresorcinol (4HR) is amphiphilic organic chemical and auto-regulator for micro-organism. As 4HR administration induces the stress on the endoplasmic reticulum, 4HR changes protein folding. The application of 4HR inhibits NF-κB signal pathway and TNF-α production. In addition, 4HR administration increases VEGF, TGF-β1, and calcification associated proteins. As a consequence, 4HR administration increases angiogenesis and bone formation in wounded area. Strong anti-inflammatory reaction and capillary regeneration in diabetic model demonstrate that 4HR can be applied on many types of surgical wound.