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Wilkinson MS, Dunham-Snary KJ. Blood-based bioenergetics: a liquid biopsy of mitochondrial dysfunction in disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:554-570. [PMID: 37414716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria operate as hubs of cellular metabolism that execute important regulatory functions. Damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria are recognized as major pathogenic contributors to many common human diseases. Assessment of mitochondrial function relies upon invasive tissue biopsies; peripheral blood cells, specifically platelets, have emerged as an ideal candidate for mitochondrial function assessment. Accessibility and documented pathology-related dysfunction have prompted investigation into the role of platelets in disease, the contribution of platelet mitochondria to pathophysiology, and the capacity of platelets to reflect systemic mitochondrial health. Platelet mitochondrial bioenergetics are being investigated in neurodegenerative and cardiopulmonary diseases, infection, diabetes, and other (patho)physiological states such as aging and pregnancy. Early findings support the use of platelets as a biomarker for mitochondrial functional health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia S Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kimberly J Dunham-Snary
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Potential Role of Mitochondria as Modulators of Blood Platelet Activation and Reactivity in Diabetes and Effect of Metformin on Blood Platelet Bioenergetics and Platelet Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073666. [PMID: 35409027 PMCID: PMC8998700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood platelet dysfunctions are strongly involved in the development of the micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the molecular causes of abnormal platelet activation in DM remain unclear. Experimental data suggests that platelet mitochondria can regulate the prothrombotic phenotype of platelets, and changes in these organelles may influence platelet activation and modify platelet responses to stimulation. The present study evaluates the impact of DM on mitochondrial respiratory parameters and blood platelet activation/reactivity in a rat model of experimental diabetes following 1, 2.5 and 5 months of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Moreover, a mild inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with the use of metformin under in vitro and in vivo conditions was tested as a method to reduce platelet activation and reactivity. The platelets were studied with a combination of flow cytometry and advanced respirometry. Our results indicate that prolonged exposure of blood platelets to high concentrations of glucose, as in diabetes, can result in elevated blood platelet mitochondrial respiration; this may be an effect of cell adaptation to the high availability of energy substrates. However, as these alterations occur later than the changes in platelet activation/reactivity, they may not constitute the major reason for abnormal platelet functioning in DM. Moreover, metformin was not able to inhibit platelet activation and reactivity under in vitro conditions despite causing a decrease in mitochondrial respiration. This indicates that the beneficial effect of metformin on the coagulation system observed in vivo can be related to other mechanisms than via the inhibition of platelet activation.
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Vernerova A, Garcia-Souza LF, Soucek O, Kostal M, Rehacek V, Kujovska Krcmova L, Gnaiger E, Sobotka O. Mitochondrial Respiration of Platelets: Comparison of Isolation Methods. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121859. [PMID: 34944675 PMCID: PMC8698846 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple non-aggregatory functions of human platelets (PLT) are widely acknowledged, yet their functional examination is limited mainly due to a lack of standardized isolation and analytic methods. Platelet apheresis (PA) is an established clinical method for PLT isolation aiming at the treatment of bleeding diathesis in severe thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, density gradient centrifugation (DC) is an isolation method applied in research for the analysis of the mitochondrial metabolic profile of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in PLT obtained from small samples of human blood. We studied PLT obtained from 29 healthy donors by high-resolution respirometry for comparison of PA and DC isolates. ROUTINE respiration and electron transfer capacity of living PLT isolated by PA were significantly higher than in the DC group, whereas plasma membrane permeabilization resulted in a 57% decrease of succinate oxidation in PA compared to DC. These differences were eliminated after washing the PA platelets with phosphate buffer containing 10 mmol·L−1 ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid, suggesting that several components, particularly Ca2+ and fuel substrates, were carried over into the respiratory assay from the serum in PA. A simple washing step was sufficient to enable functional mitochondrial analysis in subsamples obtained from PA. The combination of the standard clinical PA isolation procedure with PLT quality control and routine mitochondrial OXPHOS diagnostics meets an acute clinical demand in biomedical research of patients suffering from thrombocytopenia and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vernerova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (L.K.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondrej Soucek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Kostal
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Vit Rehacek
- Transfusion Department, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Lenka Kujovska Krcmova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (A.V.); (L.K.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Erich Gnaiger
- Oroboros Instruments GmbH, Schoepfstrasse 18, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.F.G.-S.); (E.G.)
- D.Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Christoph-Probst-Platz 1, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ondrej Sobotka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine—Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-495832243
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