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Xu HW, Fang XY, Chen H, Zhang SB, Yi YY, Ge XY, Liu XW, Wang SJ. Vitamin D delays intervertebral disc degeneration and improves bone quality in ovariectomized rats. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1314-1325. [PMID: 38225869 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Known to be involved in bone-cartilage metabolism, Vitamin D (VD) may play a role in human's disc pathophysiology. Given that postmenopausal women are prone to suffer VD deficiency and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), this study is intended to investigate whether VD can delay IDD in ovariectomized rats by improving bone microstructure and antioxidant stress. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sham, oophorectomy (OVX)+VD deficiency (VDD), OVX, and OVX+VD supplementation (VDS). In vivo, after a 6-month intervention, imaging and pathology slice examinations showed that IDD induced by OVX was significantly alleviated in VDS and deteriorated by VDD. The expressions of aggrecan and Collagen II in intervertebral disc were reduced by OVX and VDD, and elevated by VDS. Compared with the OVX+VDD and OVX group vertebrae, OVX+VDS group vertebrae showed significantly improved endplate porosity and lumbar bone mineral density with increased percent bone volume and trabecular thickness. Furthermore, 1α,25(OH)2D3 restored the redox balance (total antioxidant capacity, ratio of oxidized glutathione/glutathione) in the disc. The cocultivation of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) was conducted to observe its potential ability to resist excessive oxidative stress damage induced by H2O2. In vitro experiments revealed that 1α,25(OH)2D3 reduced the senescence, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation induced by H2O2 in NPCs. In conclusion, VDS exhibits protective effects in OVX-induced IDD, partly by regulating the redox balance and preserving the microstructure of endplate. This finding provides a new idea for the prevention and treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wei Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Fang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Bao Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yang Yi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Ge
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Jin Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spinal Diseases, Jinggangshan University, Jiangxi, China
- Department of orthopedic, Shanghai East Hospital, Ji'An Hospital, Jiangxi, China
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Shaikh NA, Zhang XB, Abdalla MI, Baylink DJ, Tang X. Enhancing Human Treg Cell Induction through Engineered Dendritic Cells and Zinc Supplementation. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:37-52. [PMID: 38421704 PMCID: PMC11015935 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells hold promise for the ultimate cure of immune-mediated diseases. However, how to effectively restore Treg function in patients remains unknown. Previous reports suggest that activated dendritic cells (DCs) de novo synthesize locally high concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, i.e., the active vitamin D or 1,25(OH)2D by upregulating the expression of 25-hydroxy vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase. Although 1,25(OH)2D has been shown to induce Treg cells, DC-derived 1,25(OH)2D only serves as a checkpoint to ensure well-balanced immune responses. Our animal studies have shown that 1,25(OH)2D requires high concentrations to generate Treg cells, which can cause severe side effects. In addition, our animal studies have also demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) overexpressing the 1α-hydroxylase de novo synthesize the effective Treg-inducing 1,25(OH)2D concentrations without causing the primary side effect of hypercalcemia (i.e., high blood calcium levels). This study furthers our previous animal studies and explores the efficacy of the la-hydroxylase-overexpressing DCs in inducing human CD4+FOXP3+regulatory T (Treg) cells. We discovered that the effective Treg-inducing doses of 1,25(OH)2D were within a range. Additionally, our data corroborated that the 1α-hydroxylase-overexpressing DCs synthesized 1,25(OH)2D within this concentration range in vivo, thus facilitating effective Treg cell induction. Moreover, this study demonstrated that 1α-hydroxylase expression levels were pivotal for DCs to induce Treg cells because physiological 25(OH)D levels were sufficient for the engineered but not parental DCs to enhance Treg cell induction. Interestingly, adding non-toxic zinc concentrations significantly augmented the Treg-inducing capacity of the engineered DCs. Our new findings offer a novel therapeutic avenue for immune-mediated human diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis, by integrating zinc with the 1α-hydroxylase-overexpressing DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ali Shaikh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Maisa I. Abdalla
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA
| | - David J. Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Delrue C, Speeckaert MM. Vitamin D and Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054642. [PMID: 36902073 PMCID: PMC10003016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroid that exists in two forms: vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M. Speeckaert
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-332-4509
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Li X, Tang Z, Liu Y, Zhu X, Liu F. Risk prediction model based on blood biomarkers for predicting moderate to severe endoscopic activity in patients with ulcerative colitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1101237. [PMID: 36895716 PMCID: PMC9989155 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Object We explored developing an internal validation model to predict the moderate to severe endoscopic activity of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients based on non-invasive or minimally-invasive parameters. Methods Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) and Mayo endoscopic subscore were performed for UC patients who met the criteria from January 2017 to August 2021 through the electronic database of our center. Logistic regression and a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression model were performed to screen the risk factors of moderate to severe UC activity. The nomogram was established subsequently. Discrimination of the model was evaluated using the concordance index (c-index), and the calibration plot and 1,000 Bootstrap were used to evaluate the model's performance and conduct internal validation. Results Sixty-five UC patients were included in this study. According to UCEIS criteria,45 patients were moderate to severe endoscopic activity. 26 potential predictors of UC were analyzed by logistic and Lasso regression showed that vitamin D (Vit D), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PAB), and fibrinogen (Fbg) were the best predictors of moderate to severe endoscopic activity of UC. We used these 4 variables to develop a dynamic nomogram prediction model. The c-index was 0.860, which means good discrimination. The calibration plot and Bootstrap analysis showed that the prediction model accurately distinguished the moderate to severe endoscopic activity in UC patients. The prediction model was verified using a cohort of UC patients with moderate to severe activity defined by the Mayo endoscopic subscore, and it was found that the model still had good discrimination and calibration (c-index = 0.891). Conclusion The model containing Vit D, ALB, PAB, and Fbg was a good tool for evaluating UC activity. The model is simple, accessible, and user-friendly, which has broad application prospects in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihui Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Medicine School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Medicine School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Medicine School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Medicine School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ji'an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China
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Xu Y, Tran L, Tang J, Nguyen V, Sewell E, Xiao J, Hino C, Wasnik S, Francis-Boyle OL, Zhang KK, Xie L, Zhong JF, Baylink DJ, Chen CS, Reeves ME, Cao H. FBP1-Altered Carbohydrate Metabolism Reduces Leukemic Viability through Activating P53 and Modulating the Mitochondrial Quality Control System In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911387. [PMID: 36232688 PMCID: PMC9570078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)—the most frequent form of adult blood cancer—is characterized by heterogeneous mechanisms and disease progression. Developing an effective therapeutic strategy that targets metabolic homeostasis and energy production in immature leukemic cells (blasts) is essential for overcoming relapse and improving the prognosis of AML patients with different subtypes. With respect to metabolic regulation, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) is a gluconeogenic enzyme that is vital to carbohydrate metabolism, since gluconeogenesis is the central pathway for the production of important metabolites and energy necessary to maintain normal cellular activities. Beyond its catalytic activity, FBP1 inhibits aerobic glycolysis—known as the “Warburg effect”—in cancer cells. Importantly, while downregulation of FBP1 is associated with carcinogenesis in major human organs, restoration of FBP1 in cancer cells promotes apoptosis and prevents disease progression in solid tumors. Recently, our large-scale sequencing analyses revealed FBP1 as a novel inducible therapeutic target among 17,757 vitamin-D-responsive genes in MV4-11 or MOLM-14 blasts in vitro, both of which were derived from AML patients with FLT3 mutations. To investigate FBP1′s anti-leukemic function in this study, we generated a new AML cell line through lentiviral overexpression of an FBP1 transgene in vitro (named FBP1-MV4-11). Results showed that FBP1-MV4-11 blasts are more prone to apoptosis than MV4-11 blasts. Mechanistically, FBP1-MV4-11 blasts have significantly increased gene and protein expression of P53, as confirmed by the P53 promoter assay in vitro. However, enhanced cell death and reduced proliferation of FBP1-MV4-11 blasts could be reversed by supplementation with post-glycolytic metabolites in vitro. Additionally, FBP1-MV4-11 blasts were found to have impaired mitochondrial homeostasis through reduced cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COX2 or MT-CO2) and upregulated PTEN-induced kinase (PINK1) expressions. In summary, this is the first in vitro evidence that FBP1-altered carbohydrate metabolism and FBP1-activated P53 can initiate leukemic death by activating mitochondrial reprogramming in AML blasts, supporting the clinical potential of FBP1-based therapies for AML-like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-651-5887
| | - Lily Tran
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Janet Tang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Elisabeth Sewell
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jeffrey Xiao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Christopher Hino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Samiksha Wasnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Olivia L. Francis-Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ke K. Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiang F. Zhong
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - David J. Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Mark E. Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Huynh Cao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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An Update on the Effects of Vitamin D on the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179784. [PMID: 36077185 PMCID: PMC9456003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D intervenes in calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone homeostasis. Experimental studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) generates immunologic activities on the innate and adaptive immune system and endothelial membrane stability. Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are associated with an increased risk of developing immune-related diseases such as psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diseases. Various clinical trials describe the efficacy of supplementation of vitamin D and its metabolites for treating these diseases that result in variable outcomes. Different disease outcomes are observed in treatment with vitamin D as high inter-individual difference is present with complex gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is still not fully known what level of serum 25(OH)D is needed. The current recommendation is to increase vitamin D intake and have enough sunlight exposure to have serum 25(OH)D at a level of 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) and better at 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L) to obtain the optimal health benefits of vitamin D.
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Cao H, Tadros V, Hiramoto B, Leeper K, Hino C, Xiao J, Pham B, Kim DH, Reeves ME, Chen CS, Zhong JF, Zhang KK, Xie L, Wasnik S, Baylink DJ, Xu Y. Targeting TKI-Activated NFKB2-MIF/CXCLs-CXCR2 Signaling Pathways in FLT3 Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Reduced Blast Viability. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051038. [PMID: 35625776 PMCID: PMC9138861 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease relapse is a common cause of treatment failure in FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, to identify therapeutic targets responsible for the survival and proliferation of leukemic cells (blasts) with FLT3 mutations after gilteritinib (GILT, a 2nd generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)) treatment, we performed proteomic screening of cytokine release and in vitro/ex vivo studies to investigate their associated signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation. Here, we report that macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) was significantly increased in the supernatant of GILT-treated blasts when compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the GILT-treated blasts that survived were found to exhibit higher expressions of the CXCR2 gene and protein, a common receptor for MIF and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The supplementation of exogenous MIF to GILT-treated blasts revealed a group of CD44High+ cells that might be responsible for the relapse. Furthermore, we identified the highly activated non-classical NFKB2 pathway after GILT-treatment. The siRNA transient knockdown of NFKB2 significantly reduced the gene expressions of MIF, CXCR2, and CXCL5. Finally, treatments of AML patient samples ex vivo demonstrated that the combination of a pharmaceutical inhibitor of the NFKB family and GILT can effectively suppress primary blasts’ secretion of tumor-promoting cytokines, such as CXCL1/5/8. In summary, we provide the first evidence that targeting treatment-activated compensatory pathways, such as the NFKB2-MIF/CXCLs-CXCR2 axis could be a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome TKI-resistance and effectively treat AML patients with FLT3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Cao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (H.C.); (C.H.); (B.P.); (M.E.R.); (C.-S.C.)
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Verena Tadros
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Benjamin Hiramoto
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Kevin Leeper
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Christopher Hino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (H.C.); (C.H.); (B.P.); (M.E.R.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Jeffrey Xiao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Bryan Pham
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (H.C.); (C.H.); (B.P.); (M.E.R.); (C.-S.C.)
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Mark E. Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (H.C.); (C.H.); (B.P.); (M.E.R.); (C.-S.C.)
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (H.C.); (C.H.); (B.P.); (M.E.R.); (C.-S.C.)
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiang F. Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Ke K. Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA; (K.K.Z.); (L.X.)
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA; (K.K.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Samiksha Wasnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
| | - David J. Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Yi Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (H.C.); (C.H.); (B.P.); (M.E.R.); (C.-S.C.)
- Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (V.T.); (B.H.); (K.L.); (J.X.); (D.H.K.); (S.W.); (D.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-9096515887
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