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Tverdokhlebova A, Sterin I, Jayaweera TM, Darie CC, Katz E, Smutok O. Chemical modification of α-chymotrypsin enabling its release from alginate hydrogel by electrochemically generated local pH change. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133234. [PMID: 38897525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the controlled release of α-chymotrypsin from an alginate hydrogel matrix. When protein molecules entrapped in the hydrogel matrix have a size smaller than the hydrogel pores, their hold/release from the polymer matrix are controlled by the electrostatic interaction between the guest molecules and host polymer. α-Chymotrypsin, as a model protein, was chemically modified with negatively charged species to change its pI and to convert its attractive interaction with a negatively charged alginate hydrogel matrix to a repulsion interaction allowing its release by pH-triggered signal. Then, bulk pH changes and electrochemically controlled local pH changes resulting from oxygen reduction were used for the controlled release of the enzyme from the alginate hydrogel. Three batches of modified α-chymotrypsin with different linker/enzyme ratios were synthesized, and their release profiles were investigated. The activity of both unmodified and modified α-chymotrypsin was evaluated using a UV-visible spectrophotometer following the standard procedure for the enzymatic assay of α-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) and compared across all batches. Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DI ESI-MS) was used to analyze the protein modifications and their impact on the isoelectric point values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tverdokhlebova
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Ilya Sterin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Taniya M Jayaweera
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Costel C Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
| | - Oleh Smutok
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
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Stavarache C, Ghebaur A, Serafim A, Vlăsceanu GM, Vasile E, Gârea SA, Iovu H. Fabrication of k-Carrageenan/Alginate/Carboxymethyl Cellulose basedScaffolds via 3D Printing for Potential Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1592. [PMID: 38891538 PMCID: PMC11174997 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology was able to generate great attention because of its unique methodology and for its major potential to manufacture detailed and customizable scaffolds in terms of size, shape and pore structure in fields like medicine, pharmaceutics and food. This study aims to fabricate an ink entirely composed of natural polymers, alginate, k-carrageenan and carboxymethyl cellulose (AkCMC). Extrusion-based 3D printing was used to obtain scaffolds based on a crosslinked interpenetrating polymer network from the alginate, k-carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose and glutaraldehide formulation using CaCl2, KCl and glutaraldehyde in various concentrations of acetic acid. The stabile bonding of the crosslinked scaffolds was assessed using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) as well as swelling, degradation and mechanical investigations. Moreover, morphology analysis (µCT and SEM) confirmed the 3D printed samples' porous structure. In the AkCMC-GA objects crosslinked with the biggest acetic acid concentration, the values of pores and walls are the highest, at 3.9 × 10-2 µm-1. Additionally, this research proves the encapsulation of vitamin B1 via FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The highest encapsulation efficiency of vitamin B1 was registered for the AkCMC-GA samples crosslinked with the maximum acetic acid concentration. The kinetic release of the vitamin was evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Based on the results of these experiments, 3D printed constructs using AkCMC-GA ink could be used for soft tissue engineering applications and also for vitamin B1 encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Stavarache
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National Polytechnic University of Science and Technology Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.V.); (S.A.G.)
- C.D. Nenițescu” Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, 202-B Spl. Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adi Ghebaur
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National Polytechnic University of Science and Technology Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.V.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Andrada Serafim
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National Polytechnic University of Science and Technology Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.V.); (S.A.G.)
| | - George Mihail Vlăsceanu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National Polytechnic University of Science and Technology Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.V.); (S.A.G.)
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucuresti, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, National Polytechnic University of Science and Technology Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Sorina Alexandra Gârea
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National Polytechnic University of Science and Technology Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.V.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National Polytechnic University of Science and Technology Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (C.S.); (A.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.V.); (S.A.G.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
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Tverdokhlebova A, Sterin I, Darie CC, Katz E, Smutok O. Stimulation-Inhibition of Protein Release from Alginate Hydrogels Using Electrochemically Generated Local pH Changes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57408-57418. [PMID: 36516447 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemically controlled release of proteins was studied in a Ca2+-cross-linked alginate hydrogel deposited on an electrode surface. The electrochemical oxidation of ascorbate or reduction of O2 was achieved upon applying electrical potentials +0.6 or -0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl/KCl 3 M), respectively, resulting in decreasing or increasing pH locally near an electrode surface. The obtained local acidic solution resulted in the protonation of carboxylic groups in the alginate hydrogel and, as a result, the formation of a hydrophobic shrunken hydrogel film. Conversely, the produced alkaline local environment resulted in a hydrophilic swollen hydrogel film. The release of the proteins was effectively inhibited from the shrunk hydrogel and activated from the swollen hydrogel film. Overall, the electrochemically produced local pH changes allowed control over the biomolecule release process. While the release inhibition by applying +0.6 V was always effective and could be maintained as long as the positive potential was applied, the release activation was different depending on the protein molecular size, being more effective for smaller species, and molecule charge, being more effective for negatively charged species. The repetitive change from the inhibited to stimulated state of the biomolecule release process was obtained upon cyclic application of oxidative and reductive potentials (+0.6 V ↔ -0.8 V). The alginate hydrogel film shrinking-swelling as well as the protein release process were studied and visualized using a confocal fluorescent microscope. In order to be observed, an external surface of the alginate film and the loaded protein molecules were labeled with different fluorescent dyes, which then produced colored fluorescent images under a confocal microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tverdokhlebova
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
| | - Ilya Sterin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
| | - Costel C Darie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
| | - Oleh Smutok
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810, United States
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Kurek M, Benaida-Debbache N, Elez Garofulić I, Galić K, Avallone S, Voilley A, Waché Y. Antioxidants and Bioactive Compounds in Food: Critical Review of Issues and Prospects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040742. [PMID: 35453425 PMCID: PMC9029822 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper gives an insight into the effective delivery mechanisms for health-promoting substances and highlights the challenges of using antioxidants and bioactives in foods. The selection criteria for choosing bioactives and their extraction in bioavailable form with their adequate incorporation techniques and delivery mechanisms are covered. Moreover, an overview of existing methods for determination of bioactivity is given. The importance of scientifically evaluating the effects of foods or food components on consumer health before making claims about the healthiness is aligned. Finally, a scientific perspective on how to respond to the booming demand for health-promoting products is given, and we acknowledge that despite the work done, there are still many challenges that need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Kurek
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.E.G.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1460-5003
| | - Nadjet Benaida-Debbache
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria;
| | - Ivona Elez Garofulić
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.E.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kata Galić
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.E.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Sylvie Avallone
- QualiSud, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
- CIRAD, Institut Universitaire de Technologie d’Avignon, 84029 Avignon, France
| | - Andrée Voilley
- International Joint Research Laboratory “Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology” UMR PAM, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21078 Dijon, France; (A.V.); (Y.W.)
- The School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Yves Waché
- International Joint Research Laboratory “Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology” UMR PAM, Institut Agro Dijon, Université de Bourgogne, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21078 Dijon, France; (A.V.); (Y.W.)
- The School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Badenhorst R, Kadambar VK, Bellare M, Melman A, Katz E, Smutok O. Electrochemically produced local pH changes stimulating (bio)molecule release from pH-switchable electrode-immobilized avidin-biotin systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6410-6414. [PMID: 35234792 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00689h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized avidin-biotin complexes were used to release biotinylated (bio)molecules upon producing local pH changes near an electrode surface by electrochemical reactions. The nitro-avidin complex with biotin was dissociated by increasing local pH with electrochemical O2 reduction. The avidin complex with iminobiotin was split by decreasing local pH with electrochemical oxidation of ascorbate. Both studied systems were releasing molecule cargo species in response to small electrical potentials (-0.4 V or 0.2 V for the O2 reduction or ascorbate oxidation, respectively) applied on the modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Badenhorst
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
| | | | - Madhura Bellare
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
| | - Oleh Smutok
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA.
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Development of Lomustine and n-Propyl Gallate Co-Encapsulated Liposomes for Targeting Glioblastoma Multiforme via Intranasal Administration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030631. [PMID: 35336006 PMCID: PMC8950329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to develop lomustine (LOM) and n-propyl gallate (PG)-loaded liposomes suitable for targeting glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) via the auspicious nose-to-brain drug delivery pathway. The therapeutical effect of LOM, as a nitrosourea compound, can be potentiated by PG suitable for enhanced anti-cancer therapy. Nose-to-brain delivery of PG and LOM combined in liposomes can overcome the poor water solubility, absorption properties, and toxicity issues in the systemic circulation. Optimization and characterization of the liposomal carrier with binary drug contents were carried out in order to achieve adequate encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, drug release, and ex vivo permeation. The optimized liposome co-encapsulated with both drugs showed suitable Z-average (127 ± 6.9 nm), size distribution (polydispersity index of 0.142 ± 0.009), zeta potential (−34 ± 1.7 mV), and high encapsulation efficacy (63.57 ± 1.3% of PG and 73.45 ± 2.2% of LOM, respectively) meeting the acceptance criteria of nose-to-brain transport for both drugs. MTT assays of PG-LOM formulations were also conducted on NIH/3T3 (murine embryonic fibroblast), U87 (glioblastoma), and A2780 (ovarian cancer) cell lines indicating reduced an antiproliferative effect on all types of cells. Our results supported the use of this novel combination of LOM and PG in a liposomal formulation as a promising carrier for glioblastoma targeting via the intranasal route.
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Badenhorst R, Katz E, Smutok O. Electrochemically Stimulated Protein Release from pH-Switchable Electrode-Immobilized Nitroavidin-Biotin and Avidin-Iminobiotin Systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19687-19692. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine serum albumin (BSA), used as a model protein, was immobilized at a buckypaper electrode by formation of pH-sensitive affinity bonds produced between avidin/iminobiotin or nitroavidin/biotin. Local (interfacial) pH was...
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