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Jiang Z, Chen L, Wang T, Zhao J, Liu S, He Y, Wang L, Wu H. Autophagy accompanying the developmental process of male germline stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2024:10.1007/s00441-024-03910-w. [PMID: 39141056 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Germline stem cells are a crucial type of stem cell that can stably pass on genetic information to the next generation, providing the necessary foundation for the reproduction and survival of organisms. Male mammalian germline stem cells are unique cell types that include primordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells. They can differentiate into germ cells, such as sperm and eggs, thereby facilitating offspring reproduction. In addition, they continuously generate stem cells through self-renewal mechanisms to support the normal function of the reproductive system. Autophagy involves the use of lysosomes to degrade proteins and organelles that are regulated by relevant genes. This process plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of germline stem cells and the synthesis, degradation, and recycling of germline stem cell products. Recently, the developmental regulatory mechanism of germline stem cells has been further elucidated, and autophagy has been shown to be involved in the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of germline stem cells. In this review, we introduce autophagy accompanying the development of germline stem cells, focusing on the autophagy process accompanying the development of male spermatogonial stem cells and the roles of related genes and proteins. We also briefly outline the effects of autophagy dysfunction on germline stem cells and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofei Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Foshan Woman and Children Hospital, Foshan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liji Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Huzhong Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Longjiang Hospital of Shunde District, Foshan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Shuxian Liu
- Department of Science and Education, Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Huzhong Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yating He
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Huzhong Hospital of Huadu District), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongfu Wu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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Laird M, Ku JC, Raiten J, Sriram S, Moore M, Li Y. Mitochondrial metabolism regulation and epigenetics in hypoxia. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1393232. [PMID: 38915781 PMCID: PMC11194441 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1393232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex and dynamic interaction between cellular energy control and gene expression modulation is shown by the intersection between mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetics in hypoxic environments. Poor oxygen delivery to tissues, or hypoxia, is a basic physiological stressor that sets off a series of reactions in cells to adapt and endure oxygen-starved environments. Often called the "powerhouse of the cell," mitochondria are essential to cellular metabolism, especially regarding producing energy through oxidative phosphorylation. The cellular response to hypoxia entails a change in mitochondrial metabolism to improve survival, including epigenetic modifications that control gene expression without altering the underlying genome. By altering the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, cell survival, and metabolism, these epigenetic modifications help cells adapt to hypoxia. The sophisticated interplay between mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetics in hypoxia is highlighted by several important points, which have been summarized in the current article. Deciphering the relationship between mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetics during hypoxia is essential to understanding the molecular processes that regulate cellular adaptation to reduced oxygen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Laird
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Ku
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Jacob Raiten
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Sashwat Sriram
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Megan Moore
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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Cha Z, Yin Z, A L, Ge L, Yang J, Huang X, Gao H, Chen X, Feng Z, Mo L, He J, Zhu S, Zhao M, Tao Z, Gu Z, Xu H. Fullerol rescues the light-induced retinal damage by modulating Müller glia cell fate. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102911. [PMID: 37816275 PMCID: PMC10570010 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive light exposure can damage photoreceptors and lead to blindness. Oxidative stress serves a key role in photo-induced retinal damage. Free radical scavengers have been proven to protect against photo-damaged retinal degeneration. Fullerol, a potent antioxidant, has the potential to protect against ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced cornea injury by activating the endogenous stem cells. However, its effects on cell fate determination of Müller glia (MG) between gliosis and de-differentiation remain unclear. Therefore, we established a MG lineage-tracing mouse model of light-induced retinal damage to examine the therapeutic effects of fullerol. Fullerol exhibited superior protection against light-induced retinal injury compared to glutathione (GSH) and reduced oxidative stress levels, inhibited gliosis by suppressing the TGF-β pathway, and enhanced the de-differentiation of MG cells. RNA sequencing revealed that transcription candidate pathways, including Nrf2 and Wnt10a pathways, were involved in fullerol-induced neuroprotection. Fullerol-mediated transcriptional changes were validated by qPCR, Western blotting, and immunostaining using mouse retinas and human-derived Müller cell lines MIO-M1 cells, confirming that fullerol possibly modulated the Nrf2, Wnt10a, and TGF-β pathways in MG, which suppressed gliosis and promoted the de-differentiation of MG in light-induced retinal degeneration, indicating its potential in treating retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cha
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Luodan A
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lingling Ge
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junling Yang
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhou Feng
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lingyue Mo
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juncai He
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China; Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese PLA, No. 927 Hospital, Puer 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Maoru Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zui Tao
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Zhang Z, Cui S, Fu Y, Wang J, Liu J, Wei F. Mechanical force induces mitophagy-mediated anaerobic oxidation in periodontal ligament stem cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:57. [PMID: 37480044 PMCID: PMC10362665 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preference for glucose oxidative mode has crucial impacts on various physiological activities, including determining stem cell fate. External mechanical factors can play a decisive role in regulating critical metabolic enzymes and pathways of stem cells. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are momentous effector cells that transform mechanical force into biological signals during the reconstruction of alveolar bone. However, mechanical stimuli-induced alteration of oxidative characteristics in PDLSCs and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. METHODS Herein, we examined the expression of LDH and COX4 by qRT-PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. We detected metabolites of lactic acid and reactive oxygen species for functional tests. We used tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) staining and a transmission electron microscope to clarify the mitochondrial status. After using western blot and immunofluorescence to clarify the change of DRP1, we further examined MFF, PINK1, and PARKIN by western blot. We used cyclosporin A (CsA) to confirm the regulation of mitophagy and ceased the stretching as a rescue experiment. RESULTS Herein, we ascertained that mechanical force could increase the level of LDH and decrease the expression of COX4 in PDLSCs. Simultaneously, the yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PDLSC reduced after stretching, while lactate acid augmented significantly. Furthermore, mitochondrial function in PDLSCs was negatively affected by impaired mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) under mechanical force, and the augment of mitochondrial fission further induced PRKN-dependent mitophagy, which was confirmed by the rescue experiments via blocking mitophagy. As a reversible physiological stimulation, the anaerobic preference of PDLSCs altered by mechanical force could restore after the cessation of force stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our study demonstrates that PDLSCs under mechanical force preferred anaerobic oxidation induced by the affected mitochondrial dynamics, especially mitophagy. Our findings support an association between mechanical stimulation and the oxidative profile of stem cells, which may shed light on the mechanical guidance of stem cell maintenance and commitment, and lay a molecular foundation for periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyue Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jixiao Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Fulan Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, No.44-1 Wenhua Road West, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Vardar Acar N, Özgül RK. The bridge between cell survival and cell death: reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular stress. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:520-555. [PMID: 37534225 PMCID: PMC10390897 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As a requirement of aerobic metabolism, regulation of redox homeostasis is indispensable for the continuity of living homeostasis and life. Since the stability of the redox state is necessary for the maintenance of the biological functions of the cells, the balance between the pro-oxidants, especially ROS and the antioxidant capacity is kept in balance in the cells through antioxidant defense systems. The pleiotropic transcription factor, Nrf2, is the master regulator of the antioxidant defense system. Disruption of redox homeostasis leads to oxidative and reductive stress, bringing about multiple pathophysiological conditions. Oxidative stress characterized by high ROS levels causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and cell death, while reductive stress characterized by low ROS levels disrupt physiological cell functions. The fact that ROS, which were initially attributed as harmful products of aerobic metabolism, at the same time function as signal molecules at non-toxic levels and play a role in the adaptive response called mithormesis points out that ROS have a dose-dependent effect on cell fate determination. See also Figure 1(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Vardar Acar
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Riza Köksal Özgül
- Department of Pediatric Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ivanova J, Guriev N, Pugovkina N, Lyublinskaya O. Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase activity reduces the antioxidant defense capacity of human pluripotent stem cells under conditions of mild but not severe oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:137-144. [PMID: 36577250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pro-oxidative shift in redox balance, usually termed as "oxidative stress", can lead to different cell responses depending on its intensity. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species ("oxidative distress") can cause DNA, lipid and protein damage. Physiological oxidative stimulus ("oxidative eustress"), in turn, can favor cell proliferation and differentiation - the processes of paramount importance primarily for stem cells. Functions of antioxidant enzymes in cells is currently a focus of intense research, however the role of different antioxidant pathways in pluripotent cell responses to oxidative distress/eustress is still under investigation. In this study, we assessed the contribution of the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)-dependent pathways to maintaining the redox homeostasis in human induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated progeny cells under basal conditions and under conditions of oxidative stress of varying intensity. Employing the genetically encoded H2O2 biosensor cyto-HyPer and two inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase (auranofin and Tri-1), we show that the reduced activity of TrxR-dependent enzymatic systems leads to the non-cytotoxic disruption of thiol-disulfide metabolism in the cytoplasm of both pluripotent and differentiated cells under basal conditions. Quantifying the cytoplasmic concentrations of peroxide establishing in H2O2-stressed cells, we demonstrate that TrxR-dependent pathways contribute to the antioxidant activity in the cell cytoplasm under conditions of mild but not severe oxidative stress in both cell lines tested. The observed effects may testify about a conservative role of the TrxR-controlled enzymatic systems manifested as a response to physiological redox stimuli rather than a protection against the severe oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ivanova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Nikita Guriev
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya st. 29, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Natalia Pugovkina
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Olga Lyublinskaya
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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Skvortsova EV, Nazarov IB, Tomilin AN, Sinenko SA. Dual Mode of Mitochondrial ROS Action during Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810924. [PMID: 36142834 PMCID: PMC9506067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential changes in cell metabolism and redox signaling occur during the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this paper, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we have investigated the role of electron transport chain (ETC) complex-I (CI) of mitochondria in the process of cell reprogramming to pluripotency. Knockdown of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunits S1 (Ndufs1) or subunit B10 (Ndufb10) of the CI or inhibition of this complex with rotenone during mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) reprogramming resulted in a significantly decreased number of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We have found that mitochondria and ROS levels due course of the reprogramming tightly correlate with each other, both reaching peak by day 3 and significantly declining by day 10 of the process. The transient augmentation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be attenuated by antioxidant treatment, which ameliorated overall reprogramming. However, ROS scavenging after day 3 or during the entire course of reprogramming was suppressive for iPSC formation. The ROS scavenging within the CI-deficient iPSC-precursors did not improve, but further suppressed the reprogramming. Our data therefore point to distinct modes of mitochondrial ROS action during the early versus mid and late stages of reprogramming. The data further substantiate the paradigm that balanced levels of oxidative phosphorylation have to be maintained on the route to pluripotency.
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Polyploidy and Myc Proto-Oncogenes Promote Stress Adaptation via Epigenetic Plasticity and Gene Regulatory Network Rewiring. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179691. [PMID: 36077092 PMCID: PMC9456078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid cells demonstrate biological plasticity and stress adaptation in evolution; development; and pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. The nature of ploidy-related advantages is still not completely understood. Here, we summarize the literature on molecular mechanisms underlying ploidy-related adaptive features. Polyploidy can regulate gene expression via chromatin opening, reawakening ancient evolutionary programs of embryonality. Chromatin opening switches on genes with bivalent chromatin domains that promote adaptation via rapid induction in response to signals of stress or morphogenesis. Therefore, stress-associated polyploidy can activate Myc proto-oncogenes, which further promote chromatin opening. Moreover, Myc proto-oncogenes can trigger polyploidization de novo and accelerate genome accumulation in already polyploid cells. As a result of these cooperative effects, polyploidy can increase the ability of cells to search for adaptive states of cellular programs through gene regulatory network rewiring. This ability is manifested in epigenetic plasticity associated with traits of stemness, unicellularity, flexible energy metabolism, and a complex system of DNA damage protection, combining primitive error-prone unicellular repair pathways, advanced error-free multicellular repair pathways, and DNA damage-buffering ability. These three features can be considered important components of the increased adaptability of polyploid cells. The evidence presented here contribute to the understanding of the nature of stress resistance associated with ploidy and may be useful in the development of new methods for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and oncological diseases.
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Special Issue: Cellular Oxygen Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094505. [PMID: 35562895 PMCID: PMC9105186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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