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Larriba E, de Juan Romero C, García-Martínez A, Quintanar T, Rodríguez-Lescure Á, Soto JL, Saceda M, Martín-Nieto J, Barberá VM. Identification of new targets for glioblastoma therapy based on a DNA expression microarray. Comput Biol Med 2024; 179:108833. [PMID: 38981212 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the deregulated pathways and impaired biological functions prevalent in human glioblastoma (GBM). In order to characterize differences in gene expression between individuals diagnosed with GBM and healthy brain tissue, we have designed and manufactured a specific, custom DNA microarray. The results obtained from differential gene expression analysis were validated by RT-qPCR. The datasets obtained from the analysis of common differential expressed genes in our cohort of patients were used to generate protein-protein interaction networks of functionally enriched genes and their biological functions. This network analysis, let us to identify 16 genes that exhibited either up-regulation (CDK4, MYC, FOXM1, FN1, E2F7, HDAC1, TNC, LAMC1, EIF4EBP1 and ITGB3) or down-regulation (PRKACB, MEF2C, CAMK2B, MAPK3, MAP2K1 and PENK) in all GBM patients. Further investigation of these genes and enriched pathways uncovered in this investigation promises to serve as a foundational step in advancing our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underpinning GBM pathogenesis. Consequently, the present work emphasizes the critical role that the unveiled molecular pathways likely play in shaping innovative therapeutic approaches for GBM management. We finally proposed in this study a list of compounds that target hub of GBM-related genes, some of which are already in clinical use, underscoring the potential of those genes as targets for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Larriba
- Human and Mammalian Genetics Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, Spain.
| | - Araceli García-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain
| | - Teresa Quintanar
- Servicio de Oncología Médica. Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-Lescure
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Servicio de Oncología Médica. Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; School of Medicine. Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche. Investigator, Spanish Breast Cancer Research Group (GEICAM), Spain
| | - José Luis Soto
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Saceda
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda, Universidad s/n, Ed. Torregaitán, Elche, Spain
| | - José Martín-Nieto
- Human and Mammalian Genetics Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Víctor M Barberá
- Human and Mammalian Genetics Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain; Unidad de Genética Molecular, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Camí de l'Almazara 11, Elche, 03203, Alicante, Spain.
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Lin H, Liu C, Hu A, Zhang D, Yang H, Mao Y. Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:31. [PMID: 38720342 PMCID: PMC11077829 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the predominant and primary malignant intracranial tumor, poses a formidable challenge due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby confounding conventional therapeutic interventions. Despite the established treatment regimen comprising surgical intervention, radiotherapy, temozolomide administration, and the exploration of emerging modalities such as immunotherapy and integration of medicine and engineering technology therapy, the efficacy of these approaches remains constrained, resulting in suboptimal prognostic outcomes. In recent years, intensive scrutiny of the inhibitory and immunosuppressive milieu within GBM has underscored the significance of cellular constituents of the GBM microenvironment and their interactions with malignant cells and neurons. Novel immune and targeted therapy strategies have emerged, offering promising avenues for advancing GBM treatment. One pivotal mechanism orchestrating immunosuppression in GBM involves the aggregation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), glioma-associated macrophage/microglia (GAM), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Among these, MDSCs, though constituting a minority (4-8%) of CD45+ cells in GBM, play a central component in fostering immune evasion and propelling tumor progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. MDSCs deploy intricate immunosuppressive mechanisms that adapt to the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding the interplay between GBM and MDSCs provides a compelling basis for therapeutic interventions. This review seeks to elucidate the immune regulatory mechanisms inherent in the GBM microenvironment, explore existing therapeutic targets, and consolidate recent insights into MDSC induction and their contribution to GBM immunosuppression. Additionally, the review comprehensively surveys ongoing clinical trials and potential treatment strategies, envisioning a future where targeting MDSCs could reshape the immune landscape of GBM. Through the synergistic integration of immunotherapy with other therapeutic modalities, this approach can establish a multidisciplinary, multi-target paradigm, ultimately improving the prognosis and quality of life in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaxian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Duanwu Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Liu ZY, Lin XH, Guo HY, Shi X, Zhang DY, Sun JL, Zhang GC, Xu RC, Wang F, Yu XN, Wang D, Weng SQ, Shen XZ, Liu TT, Dong L, Zhu JM. Multi-Omics profiling identifies aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 as a critical mediator in the crosstalk between Treg-mediated immunosuppression microenvironment and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:2763-2778. [PMID: 38725845 PMCID: PMC11077362 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.93075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) family has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer. However, a systematic evaluation of ALDH alterations and their therapeutic relevance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains lacking. Herein, we found that 15 of 19 ALDHs were transcriptionally dysregulated in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. A four gene signature, including ALDH2, ALDH5A1, ALDH6A1, and ALDH8A1, robustly predicted prognosis and defined a high-risk subgroup exhibiting immunosuppressive features like regulatory T cell (Tregs) infiltration. Single-cell profiling revealed selective overexpression of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 (TNFRSF18) on Tregs, upregulated in high-risk HCC patients. We identified ALDH2 as a tumor suppressor in HCC, with three novel phosphorylation sites mediated by protein kinase C zeta that enhanced enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, ALDH2 suppressed Tregs differentiation by inhibiting β-catenin/TGF-β1 signaling in HCC. Collectively, our integrated multi-omics analysis defines an ALDH-Tregs-TNFRSF18 axis that contributes to HCC pathogenesis and represents potential therapeutic targets for this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xia-Hui Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hong-Ying Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dan-Ying Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jia-Lei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guang-Cong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ru-Chen Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dou Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shigatse People's Hospital, Shigatse, Tibet 857000, China
| | - Shu-Qiang Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xi-Zhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ji-Min Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
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Kao TJ, Lin CL, Yang WB, Li HY, Hsu TI. Dysregulated lipid metabolism in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma: pathways, proteins, metabolites and therapeutic opportunities. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:114. [PMID: 37537607 PMCID: PMC10398973 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor with limited treatment options, such as the chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ). However, many GBM tumors develop resistance to TMZ, which is a major obstacle to effective therapy. Recently, dysregulated lipid metabolism has emerged as an important factor contributing to TMZ resistance in GBM. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and alterations in lipid metabolism have been linked to multiple aspects of tumor biology, including proliferation, migration, and resistance to therapy. In this review, we aimed to summarize current knowledge on lipid metabolism in TMZ-resistant GBM, including key metabolites and proteins involved in lipid synthesis, uptake, and utilization, and recent advances in the application of metabolomics to study lipid metabolism in GBM. We also discussed the potential of lipid metabolism as a target for novel therapeutic interventions. Finally, we highlighted the challenges and opportunities associated with developing these interventions for clinical use, and the need for further research to fully understand the role of lipid metabolism in TMZ resistance in GBM. Our review suggests that targeting dysregulated lipid metabolism may be a promising approach to overcome TMZ resistance and improve outcomes in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jen Kao
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Bin Yang
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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5
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Coniglio SJ. Macrophages in the Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108978. [PMID: 37240324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of high-grade glioma remains dismal, with the median survival time being 15 months [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J Coniglio
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Integrative Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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Acquisition of Immune Privilege in GBM Tumors: Role of Prostaglandins and Bile Salts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043198. [PMID: 36834607 PMCID: PMC9958596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the postulate that glioblastoma (GBM) tumors generate anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and bile salts to gain immune privilege, we analyzed 712 tumors in-silico from three GBM transcriptome databases for prostaglandin and bile synthesis/signaling enzyme-transcript markers. A pan-database correlation analysis was performed to identify cell-specific signal generation and downstream effects. The tumors were stratified by their ability to generate prostaglandins, their competency in bile salt synthesis, and the presence of bile acid receptors nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (NR1H4) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1). The survival analysis indicates that tumors capable of prostaglandin and/or bile salt synthesis are linked to poor outcomes. Tumor prostaglandin D2 and F2 syntheses are derived from infiltrating microglia, whereas prostaglandin E2 synthesis is derived from neutrophils. GBMs drive the microglial synthesis of PGD2/F2 by releasing/activating complement system component C3a. GBM expression of sperm-associated heat-shock proteins appears to stimulate neutrophilic PGE2 synthesis. The tumors that generate bile and express high levels of bile receptor NR1H4 have a fetal liver phenotype and a RORC-Treg infiltration signature. The bile-generating tumors that express high levels of GPBAR1 are infiltrated with immunosuppressive microglia/macrophage/myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These findings provide insight into how GBMs generate immune privilege and may explain the failure of checkpoint inhibitor therapy and provide novel targets for treatment.
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Microglia and Brain Macrophages as Drivers of Glioma Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415612. [PMID: 36555253 PMCID: PMC9779147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a key role in the progression of gliomas. Non-neoplastic cells in addition to the tumour cells are therefore finding increasing attention. Microglia and other glioma-associated macrophages are at the centre of this interest especially in the context of therapeutic considerations. New ideas have emerged regarding the role of microglia and, more recently, blood-derived brain macrophages in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. We are now beginning to understand the mechanisms that allow malignant glioma cells to weaken microglia and brain macrophage defence mechanisms. Surface molecules and cytokines have a prominent role in microglia/macrophage-glioma cell interactions, and we discuss them in detail. The involvement of exosomes and microRNAs forms another focus of this review. In addition, certain microglia and glioma cell pathways deserve special attention. These "synergistic" (we suggest calling them "Janus") pathways are active in both glioma cells and microglia/macrophages where they act in concert supporting malignant glioma progression. Examples include CCN4 (WISP1)/Integrin α6β1/Akt and CHI3L1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR. They represent attractive therapeutic targets.
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Simińska D, Korbecki J, Kojder K, Jeżewski D, Tarnowski M, Tomasiak P, Piotrowska K, Masztalewicz M, Kolasa A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Androgen Receptor Expression in the Various Regions of Resected Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors and in an In Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13004. [PMID: 36361793 PMCID: PMC9655141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant glioma, difficult to detect and with the lowest survival rates among gliomas. Its greater incidence among men and its higher survival rate among premenopausal women suggest that it may be associated with the levels of androgens. As androgens stimulate the androgen receptor (AR), which acts as a transcription factor, the aim of this study was the investigate the role of AR in the progression of GBM. The study was conducted on tissues collected from three regions of GBM tumors (tumor core, enhancing tumor region, and peritumoral area). In addition, an in vitro experiment was conducted on U-87 cells under various culture conditions (necrotic, hypoxic, and nutrient-deficient), mimicking the conditions in a tumor. In both of the models, androgen receptor expression was determined at the gene and protein levels, and the results were confirmed by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. AR mRNA expression was higher under nutrient-deficient conditions and lower under hypoxic conditions in vitro. However, there were no differences in AR protein expression. No differences in AR mRNA expression were observed between the tested tumor structures taken from patients. No differences in AR mRNA expression were observed between the men and women. However, AR protein expression in tumors resected from patients was higher in the enhancing tumor region and in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core. In women, higher AR expression was observed in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core. AR expression in GBM tumors did not differ significantly between men and women, which suggests that the higher incidence of GBM in men is not associated with AR expression. In the group consisting of men and women, AR expression varied between the regions of the tumor: AR expression was higher in the enhancing tumor region and in the peritumoral area than in the tumor core, showing a dependence on tumor conditions (hypoxia and insufficient nutrient supply).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Tomasiak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Masztalewicz
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Allopregnanolone Promotes Migration and Invasion of Human Glioblastoma Cells through the Protein Tyrosine Kinase c-Src Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094996. [PMID: 35563388 PMCID: PMC9105169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBs) are the most aggressive and common primary malignant brain tumors. Steroid hormone progesterone (P4) and its neuroactive metabolites, such as allopregnanolone (3α-THP) are synthesized by neural, glial, and malignant GB cells. P4 promotes cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion of human GB cells at physiological concentrations. It has been reported that 3α-THP promotes GB cell proliferation. Here we investigated the effects of 3α-THP on GB cell migration and invasion, the participation of the enzymes involved in its metabolism (AKR1C1-4), and the role of the c-Src kinase in 3α-THP effects in GBs. 3α-THP 100 nM promoted migration and invasion of U251, U87, and LN229 human-derived GB cell lines. We observed that U251, LN229, and T98G cell lines exhibited a higher protein content of AKR1C1-4 than normal human astrocytes. AKR1C1-4 silencing did not modify 3α-THP effects on migration and invasion. 3α-THP activated c-Src protein at 10 min (U251 cells) and 15 min (U87 and LN229 cells). Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of c-Src decreases the promoting effects of 3α-THP on cell migration and invasion. Together, these data indicate that 3α-THP promotes GB migration and invasion through c-Src activation.
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