1
|
Kiani HS, Noudehi MS, Shokrpour M, Zargar M, Naghavi MR. Investigation of genes involved in scent and color production in Rosa damascena Mill. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20576. [PMID: 39242697 PMCID: PMC11379714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rosa damascena Mill., commonly known as the King Flower, is a fragrant and important species of the Rosaceae family. It is widely used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The scent and color of the flowers are significant characteristics of this ornamental plant. This study aimed to investigate the relative expression of MYB1, CCD1, FLS, PAL, CER1, GT1, ANS and PAR genes under two growth stages (S1 and S2) in two morphs. The CCD1 gene pathway is highly correlated with the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. The results showed that the overexpression of MYB1, one of the important transcription factors in the production of fragrance and color, in the Hot pink morph of sample S2 increased the expression of PAR, PAL, FLS, RhGT1, CCD1, ANS, CER1, and GGPPS. The methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stimulant had a positive and cumulative effect on gene expression in most genes, such as FLS in ACC.26 of the S2 sample, RhGT1, MYB1, CCD1, PAR, ANS, CER1, and PAL in ACC.1. To further study, a comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the principal volatile compounds and colors. Our data suggest that the rose with pink flowers had a higher accumulation content of flavonoids and anthocyanin. To separate essential oil compounds, GC/MS analysis identified 26 compounds in four samples. The highest amount of geraniol, one of the main components of damask rose, was found in the Hot pink flower, 23.54%, under the influence of the MeJA hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Sadat Kiani
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Manijeh Sabokdast Noudehi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Shokrpour
- Department of Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Meisam Zargar
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia, 117198
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia, 117198.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li D, Jia C, Lin G, Dang J, Liu C, Wu Q. Impact of Methyl Jasmonate on Terpenoid Biosynthesis and Functional Analysis of Sesquiterpene Synthesis Genes in Schizonepeta tenuifolia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 39065447 PMCID: PMC11280979 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the volatile oil composition of Schizonepeta tenuifolia and elucidates the function of the StTPS45 gene, a key player in terpenoid biosynthesis. The effect of different concentrations of MeJA (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μmol/L) on the growth of S. tenuifolia adventitious bud clusters was analyzed over a 20 d period. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 17 compounds were identified from the adventitious bud clusters of S. tenuifolia. Significant changes in the levels of major monoterpenes, including increased contents of (+)-limonene and (+)-menthone, were observed, particularly at higher concentrations of MeJA. Analysis of transcriptome data from three groups treated with 0, 100, and 300 μmol/L MeJA revealed significant changes in the gene expression profiles following MeJA treatment. At 100 μmol/L MeJA, most terpene synthase (TPS) genes were overexpressed. Additionally, gene expression and functional predictions suggested that StTPS45 acts as germacrene D synthase. Therefore, StTPS45 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and enzyme activity assays confirmed its function as a germacrene D synthase. Molecular docking and structural prediction of StTPS45 further suggested specific interactions with farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), aligning with its role in the terpenoid synthesis pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the modulation of secondary metabolite pathways by jasmonate signaling and underscore the potential of genetic engineering approaches to enhance the production of specific terpenoids in medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dishuai Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Congling Jia
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Guyin Lin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Jingjie Dang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
| | - Chanchan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (D.L.); (C.J.); (G.L.); (J.D.)
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kamali S, Iranbakhsh A, Ebadi M, Oraghi Ardebili Z, Haghighat S. Methyl jasmonate conferred Arsenic tolerance in Thymus kotschyanus by DNA hypomethylation, stimulating terpenoid metabolism, and upregulating two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133163. [PMID: 38064945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a highly cytotoxic element impairing normal cellular functions, and its bioremediation has become one of the environmental concerns. This study explored the molecular and physiological responses of thyme (Thymus kotschyanus) seedlings to incorporating As (0 and 10 mgl-1) and methyl jasmonate (MJ; 0 and 10 µM) into the culture medium. The MJ treatment reinforced root system and mitigated the As cytotoxicity risk. MJ contributed to hypomethylation, a potential adaptation mechanism for conferring the As tolerance. Two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, including CYP71D178 and CYP71D180 genes, were upregulated in response to As and MJ. The MJ treatment contributed to up-regulation in the γ-terpinene synthase (TPS) gene, a marker gene in the terpenoid metabolism. The As presence reduced photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), while the MJ utilization alleviated the As toxicity. The MJ supplementation increased proline accumulation and soluble phenols. The application of MJ declined the toxicity sign of As on the concentration of proteins. The activities of peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzymes displayed an upward trend in response to As and MJ treatments. Taken collective, MJ can confer the As tolerance by triggering DNA hypomethylation, regulating CYPs, and stimulating primary and secondary metabolism, especially terpenoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Kamali
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Iranbakhsh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Ebadi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of advanced sciences and technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmadi H, Fatahi R, Zamani Z, Shokrpour M, Sheikh-Assadi M, Poczai P. RNA-seq analysis reveals narrow differential gene expression in MEP and MVA pathways responsible for phytochemical divergence in extreme genotypes of Thymus daenensis Celak. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:237. [PMID: 38438980 PMCID: PMC10913619 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we investigated the underlying transcriptional-level evidence behind phytochemical differences between two metabolically extreme genotypes of Thymus daenensis. The genotypes 'Zagheh-11' (thymol/carvacrol type, poor in essential oil [EO] [2.9%] but rich in triterpenic acids) and 'Malayer-21' (thymol type and rich in EO [3.8%]) were selected from an ongoing breeding program and then clonally propagated for further experimental use. MATERIALS AND METHODS GC-MS, GC-FID, and HPLC-PDA were utilized to monitor the fluctuation of secondary metabolites at four phenological stages (vegetative, bud burst, early, and full-flowering stages). The highest phytochemical divergence was observed at early flowering stage. Both genotypes were subjected to mRNA sequencing (approximately 100 million paired reads) at the aforementioned stage. The expression patterns of four key genes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids were also validated using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Carvacrol content in 'Zagheh-11' (26.13%) was approximately 23 times higher than 'Malayer-21' (1.12%). Reciprocally, about 10% higher thymol was found in 'Malayer-21' (62.15%). Moreover, the concentrations of three major triterpenic acids in 'Zagheh-11' were approximately as twice as those found in 'Malayer-21'. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 1840 unigenes that were differentially expressed, including terpene synthases, cytochrome P450, and terpenoid backbone genes. Several differentially expressed transcription factors (such as MYB, bZIP, HB-HD-ZIP, and WRKY families) were also identified. These results suggest that an active cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway may be linked to higher levels of sesquiterpenes, triterpenic acids, and carvacrol in 'Zagheh-11'. The chloroplastic pathway of methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) may have also contributed to a higher accumulation of thymol in Malayer-21. Indeed, 'Zagheh-11' showed higher expression of certain genes (HMGR, CYP71D180, β-amyrin 28-monooxygenase, and sesquiterpene synthases) in the MVA pathway, while some genes in the MEP pathway (including DXR, ispG, and γ-terpinene synthase) were distinctly expressed in Malayer-21. Future efforts in metabolic engineering of MVA/MEP pathways may benefit from these findings to produce increased levels of desired secondary metabolites at commercial scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Ahmadi
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reza Fatahi
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Zabihollah Zamani
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Shokrpour
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Sheikh-Assadi
- Biotechnology and Breeding Research Group for Medicinal Plants, Department of Horticultural Science & Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Peter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zayed A, Farag MA, Mehring A, Salem MA, Ibrahim RM, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Ulber R. Methyl jasmonate elicitation effect on the metabolic profile of cambial meristematic cells culture derived from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in relation to antioxidant activity: Untargeted metabolomics study in a time-based approach. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 213:113777. [PMID: 37385363 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The undifferentiated cambial meristematic cell (CMC) has been recognized as a value-added production platform for plant natural products in comparison to the dedifferentiated plant cell line (DDC). In a time-based approach at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, the present study aimed at investigating the phytochemical metabolome of methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-elicited CMC cultures derived from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), including primary and secondary metabolites analyzed using GC/TOF-MS post-silylation and RP-UPLC-C18-FT-MS/MS, respectively, as well as the analysis of aroma composition using headspace SPME-GC-MS. The results revealed a stress response in primary metabolism manifested by an increase in amino and organic acids reaching their maximum levels after 48 (1.3-fold) and 72 (1.7-fold) h, respectively. In addition, phenolic acids (e.g., sagerinic acid, rosmarinic acid, and 3-O-methylrosmarinic acid) followed by flavonoid aglycones (e.g., salvigenin and 5,6,4'-trihydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxyflavone) were the most abundant with prominent increases at 48 (1.2-fold) and 72 (2.1-fold) h, respectively. The aroma was intensified by the elicitation along the time, especially after 48 and 72 h. Furthermore, multivariate data analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) confirmed elicitation effect, especially post 48 and 72 h. The study further assessed the effect of MeJA elicitation on the antioxidant and polyphenolic content. The cultures at 48 h demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity concurrently with correlation with total polyphenolic content using Pearson's correlation. Our study provides new insights to the elicitation impact on primary and secondary metabolism, in addition to aroma profile, to orchestrate the stress response and in relation to antioxidant effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish street, 31527, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Alexander Mehring
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abd El Nasr st., Shibin Elkom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Rana M Ibrahim
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany; Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany; Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 49, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kandoudi W, Tavaszi-Sárosi S, Németh-Zámboriné E. Inducing the Production of Secondary Metabolites by Foliar Application of Methyl Jasmonate in Peppermint. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2339. [PMID: 37375964 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Mentha x piperita is a major source of secondary metabolites (SMs), and developing tools to enhance these compounds would be beneficial to meet the increasing demand in the industry. Elicitation by plant hormones became a new strategy to reach this goal. Three experiments in a climatic chamber and two experiments in an open field were conducted with peppermint to explore the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) on the essential oil (EO) content, EO composition, and the total phenolic content (TPC). The treatment was applied for all experiments by spraying the aerial parts of the plants with a dosage of 2 mM MeJa twice. The treatment influenced all the parameters studied in the trials. The volatile content increased by 9-35%; however, in one trial it remained unchanged. The treatment also affected the main compounds of the EO. Menthone increased significantly in two trials while pulegone and menthofuran decreased. In the case of menthol, the change may also be influenced by the phenological and developmental stages of the plants. In the majority of cases, the TPC was also elevated considerably due to the treatments. MeJa treatments may have promising effects in influencing the accumulation of biologically active compounds and the quality of the drug; therefore, further systematic studies are needed to optimize the technology in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafae Kandoudi
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi St. 29-35, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Tavaszi-Sárosi
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi St. 29-35, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Németh-Zámboriné
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi St. 29-35, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rivera-Pérez A, García-Pérez P, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A, Lucini L. UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS metabolomics insight on the origin and processing authentication of thyme by comprehensive fingerprinting and chemometrics. Food Chem 2023; 407:135123. [PMID: 36493482 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic composition of thyme, one of the most used aromatic herbs, is influenced by environmental and post-harvest processing factors, presenting the possibility of exploiting thyme fingerprint to assess its authenticity. In this study, a comprehensive UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS fingerprinting approach was applied with a dual objective: (1) tracing thyme from three regions of production (Spain, Morocco, and Poland) and (2) evaluating the metabolic differences in response to processing, considering sterilized thyme samples. Multivariate statistics reveal 37 and 33 key origin and processing differentiation compounds, respectively. The findings highlighted the remarkable "terroir" influence on thyme fingerprint, noticing flavonoids, amino acids, and peptides among the most discriminant chemical classes. Thyme sterilization led to an overall metabolite enrichment, most likely due to the facilitated compound accessibility as a result of processing. The findings provide a comprehensive metabolomics insight into the origin and processing effect on thyme composition for product traceability and quality assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain; Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Pascual García-Pérez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univesidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kianersi F, Amin Azarm D, Fatemi F, Jamshidi B, Pour-Aboughadareh A, Janda T. The Influence of Methyl Jasmonate on Expression Patterns of Rosmarinic Acid Biosynthesis Genes, and Phenolic Compounds in Different Species of Salvia subg. Perovskia Kar L. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040871. [PMID: 37107629 PMCID: PMC10137496 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia yangii B.T. Drew and Salvia abrotanoides Kar are two important fragrant and medicinal plants that belong to the subgenus Perovskia. These plants have therapeutic benefits due to their high rosmarinic acid (RA) content. However, the molecular mechanisms behind RA generation in two species of Salvia plants are still poorly understood. As a first report, the objectives of the present research were to determine the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the rosmarinic acid (RA), total flavonoid and phenolic contents (TFC and TPC), and changes in the expression of key genes involved in their biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS)). The results of High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that MeJA significantly increased RA content in S. yungii and S. abrotanoides species (to 82 and 67 mg/g DW, respectively) by 1.66- and 1.54-fold compared with untreated plants. After 24 h, leaves of Salvia yangii and Salvia abrotanoides species treated with 150 M MeJA had the greatest TPC and TFC (80 and 42 mg TAE/g DW, and 28.11 and 15.14 mg QUE/g DW, respectively), which was in line with the patterns of gene expression investigated. Our findings showed that MeJA dosages considerably enhanced the RA, TPC, and TFC contents in both species compared with the control treatment. Since increased numbers of transcripts for PAL, 4CL, and RAS were also detected, the effects of MeJA are probably caused by the activation of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Kianersi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Davood Amin Azarm
- Department of Horticulture Crop Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan P.O. Box 81785-199, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fatemi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan P.O. Box 6517838695, Iran
| | - Bita Jamshidi
- Department of Food Security and Public Health, Khabat Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh
- Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj P.O. Box 3158854119, Iran
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rezaii E, Miardan LN, Mahkam M, Rezaii M. Silylation of thymol extracted from Thymus migricus essential oil, improvement of lipophilicity properties, and investigation of its pharmacological properties. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of their biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj. -Shos belongs to Lamiaceae. Young branches of this plant produce an essential oil that is abundant in potent and volatile compounds that have a variety of therapeutic uses. In this study, the natural composition of thymol in this plant’s essential oil was first detected with HPLC and Mass, and then the essential oil was extracted. The increase in the lipophilicity of the synthesized silylated derivatives was then examined by HPLC after numerous silylated derivatives of this phenolic compound were synthesized using various silylation reagents. These derivatives were then analyzed by FT-IR and 1HNMR analysis. The antibacterial activity of thymol with its silylated derivatives against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria was next tested by diffusion method, after which the antioxidant activity of thymol with its silylated derivatives was assessed by two DPPH and FRAP methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Rezaii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Nazmi Miardan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mahkam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaii
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Science, Farhangian University, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rivera-Pérez A, García-Pérez P, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A, Lucini L. An untargeted strategy based on UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS metabolomics to identify markers revealing the terroir and processing effect on thyme phenolic profiling. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112081. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Kim JH, Duan S, Lim YJ, Eom SH. Changes in Quercetin Derivatives and Antioxidant Activity in Marigold Petals ( Tagetes patula L.) Induced by Ultraviolet-B Irradiation and Methyl Jasmonate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2947. [PMID: 36365399 PMCID: PMC9656713 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Marigold petals contain numerous antioxidative flavonoids and carotenoids that can be affected by environmental stressors. There is yet no detailed study on the relationship between phytochemical accumulation and stressors in marigold petals. This study evaluated quercetin derivatives and antioxidant activity in marigold petals in response to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The limiting UV-B radiation intensity and MeJA dose that caused no wilting damage under 1-h daily treatment for 10 days were <2 W∙m−2∙s−1 and <10 mM, respectively. Marigold petals contained three major flavonoids, quercetin-7-O-glucoside (Q7G, 6.6 mg∙g−1dw), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Q3G, 62.7 mg), and quercetin (26.6 mg), possessing different antioxidant potential and exhibiting the highest power in quercetin and next value in Q7G. Single UV-B irradiation exerted a limited effect on the changes in the content of the three quercetin derivatives, whereas combined treatment with 1 W UV-B radiation and 5 mM MeJA resulted in the highest total quercetin content, showing >20% increase compared to that without treatment. This increase primarily resulted in an increase in quercetin content. MeJA treatment positively affected the increase in Q3G and Q7G contents in a dose-dependent manner during the 10-d experimental period but exerted no considerable effect on quercetin accumulation. The antioxidant activity was increased when flowers were exposed to mild MeJA treatment of 5−10 mM. UV-B irradiation decreased the antioxidant activity of marigold petals, but this decrease could be compensated by MeJA treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kianersi F, Amin Azarm D, Fatemi F, Pour-Aboughadareh A, Poczai P. Methyl Jasmonate Induces Genes Involved in Linalool Accumulation and Increases the Content of Phenolics in Two Iranian Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Ecotypes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101717. [PMID: 36292602 PMCID: PMC9602312 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal herb coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), with a high linalool (LIN) content, is widely recognized for its therapeutic benefits. As a novel report, the goals of this study were to determine how methyl jasmonate (MeJA) affects total phenolic content (TPC), LIN content, flavonoid content (TFC), and changes in gene expression involved in the linalool biosynthesis pathway (CsγTRPS and CsLINS). Our findings showed that, in comparison to the control samples, MeJA treatment substantially enhanced the TPC, LIN, and TFC content in both ecotypes. Additionally, for both Iranian coriander ecotypes, treatment-induced increases in CsγTRPS and CsLINS expression were connected to LIN accumulation in all treatments. A 24 h treatment with 150 µM MeJA substantially increased the LIN content in the Mashhad and Zanjan ecotypes, which was between 1.48 and 1.69 times greater than that in untreated plants, according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Our findings demonstrated that MeJA significantly affects the accumulation of LIN, TPC, and TFC in Iranian C. sativum treated with MeJA, which is likely the consequence of gene activation from the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway. Our discoveries have improved the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind LIN synthesis in coriander plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Kianersi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Davood Amin Azarm
- Department of Horticulture Crop Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan P.O. Box 81785-199, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fatemi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan P.O. Box 6517838695, Iran
| | - Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh
- Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj P.O. Box 3158854119, Iran
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiang L, He P, Shu G, Yuan M, Wen M, Lan X, Liao Z, Tang Y. AabHLH112, a bHLH transcription factor, positively regulates sesquiterpenes biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:973591. [PMID: 36119570 PMCID: PMC9478121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factors play important roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. β-Caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene, three kinds of sesquiterpenes mainly found in plants, are widely used as spice in the food industry and biological pesticides in agricultural production. Furthermore, they also have a significant value in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there is currently a lack of knowledge on the function of bHLH family TFs in β-caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene biosynthesis. Here, we found that AabHLH112 transcription factor had a novel function to positively regulate β-carophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Exogenous MeJA enhanced the expression of AabHLH112 and genes of β-caryophyllene synthase (CPS), epi-cedrol synthase (ECS), and β-farnesene synthase (BFS), as well as sesquiterpenes content. Dual-LUC assay showed the activation of AaCPS, AaECS, and AaBFS promoters were enhanced by AabHLH112. Yeast one-hybrid assay showed AabHLH112 could bind to the G-box (CANNTG) cis-element in promoters of both AaCPS and AaECS. In addition, overexpression of AabHLH112 in A. annua significantly elevated the expression levels of AaCPS, AaECS, and AaBFS as well as the contents of β-caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene, while suppressing AabHLH112 expression by RNAi reduced the expression of the three genes and the contents of the three sesquiterpenes. These results suggested that AabHLH112 is a positive regulator of β-caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene biosynthesis in A. annua.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Xiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping He
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoping Shu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyuan Yuan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengling Wen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R&D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueli Tang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sohn SI, Pandian S, Rakkammal K, Largia MJV, Thamilarasan SK, Balaji S, Zoclanclounon YAB, Shilpha J, Ramesh M. Jasmonates in plant growth and development and elicitation of secondary metabolites: An updated overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942789. [PMID: 36035665 PMCID: PMC9407636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are incontestably key specialized molecules with proven health-promoting effects on human beings. Naturally synthesized secondary metabolites are considered an important source of pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, flavors, etc., Therefore, enhancing the biosynthesis of these relevant metabolites by maintaining natural authenticity is getting more attention. The application of exogenous jasmonates (JAs) is well recognized for its ability to trigger plant growth and development. JAs have a large spectrum of action that covers seed germination, hypocotyl growth regulation, root elongation, petal expansion, and apical hook growth. This hormone is considered as one of the key regulators of the plant's growth and development when the plant is under biotic or abiotic stress. The JAs regulate signal transduction through cross-talking with other genes in plants and thereby deploy an appropriate metabolism in the normal or stressed conditions. It has also been found to be an effective chemical elicitor for the synthesis of naturally occurring secondary metabolites. This review discusses the significance of JAs in the growth and development of plants and the successful outcomes of jasmonate-driven elicitation of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, anthraquinones, anthocyanin, xanthonoid, and more from various plant species. However, as the enhancement of these metabolites is essentially measured via in vitro cell culture or foliar spray, the large-scale production is significantly limited. Recent advancements in the plant cell culture technology lay the possibilities for the large-scale manufacturing of plant-derived secondary metabolites. With the insights about the genetic background of the metabolite biosynthetic pathway, synthetic biology also appears to be a potential avenue for accelerating their production. This review, therefore, also discussed the potential manoeuvres that can be deployed to synthesis plant secondary metabolites at the large-scale using plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Sohn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | | | | | - Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | | | - Yedomon Ange Bovys Zoclanclounon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jayabalan Shilpha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Manikandan Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mansinhos I, Gonçalves S, Rodríguez-Solana R, Duarte H, Ordóñez-Díaz JL, Moreno-Rojas JM, Romano A. Response of Thymus lotocephalus In Vitro Cultures to Drought Stress and Role of Green Extracts in Cosmetics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081475. [PMID: 36009194 PMCID: PMC9404771 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) on morphological, physiological, (bio)chemical, and biological characteristics of Thymus lotocephalus López and Morales shoot cultures have been investigated, as well as the potential of iron oxide nanoparticles, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as alleviating drought stress agents. Results showed that PEG caused oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, raising H2O2 levels and reducing shoots’ growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, and phenolic compounds production, especially phenolic acids, including the major compound rosmarinic acid. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra analysis revealed that PEG treatment caused changes in shoots’ composition, enhancing terpenoids biosynthesis. PEG also decreased the biological activities (antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and photoprotective) of the eco-friendly extracts obtained with a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent. MeJA was the most efficient agent in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by drought, by improving the biosynthesis of phenolics, like methyl 6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside and salvianolic acids, as well as improving the extracts’ antioxidant activity. Altogether, the obtained results demonstrated a negative impact of PEG on T. lotocephalus shoots and an effective role of MeJA as a mitigating agent of drought stress. Additionally, extracts showed a good potential to be used in the cosmetics industry as skincare products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mansinhos
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); (R.R.-S.); (H.D.)
| | - Sandra Gonçalves
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); (R.R.-S.); (H.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (A.R.); Tel.: +351-289800900 (S.G.); +351-289800910 (A.R.)
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-Solana
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); (R.R.-S.); (H.D.)
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menendez-Pidal, SN, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (J.L.O.-D.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Hugo Duarte
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); (R.R.-S.); (H.D.)
| | - José Luis Ordóñez-Díaz
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menendez-Pidal, SN, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (J.L.O.-D.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menendez-Pidal, SN, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (J.L.O.-D.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED–Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE–Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); (R.R.-S.); (H.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (A.R.); Tel.: +351-289800900 (S.G.); +351-289800910 (A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kianersi F, Amin Azarm D, Pour-Aboughadareh A, Poczai P. Change in Secondary Metabolites and Expression Pattern of Key Rosmarinic Acid Related Genes in Iranian Lemon Balm ( Melissa officinalis L.) Ecotypes Using Methyl Jasmonate Treatments. Molecules 2022; 27:1715. [PMID: 35268816 PMCID: PMC8911715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal herb, lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), which is high in rosmarinic acid (RA), has well-known therapeutic value. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on RA content, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as changes in expression of their biosynthesis-related key genes (MoPAL, Mo4CL, and MoRAS) in Iranian lemon balm ecotypes, as first reported. Our results revealed that MeJA doses significantly increase the RA content, TPC, and TFC in both ecotypes compared with the control samples. Additionally, the higher expression levels of MoPAL, Mo4CL, and MoRAS following treatment were linked to RA accumulation in all treatments for both Iranian lemon balm ecotypes. After 24 h of exposure to 150 µM MeJA concentration, HPLC analysis showed that MeJA significantly increased RA content in Esfahan and Ilam ecotypes, which was about 4.18- and 7.43-fold higher than untreated plants. Our findings suggested that MeJA has a considerable influence on RA, TPC, and TFC accumulation in MeJA-treated Iranian M. officinalis, which might be the result of gene activation from the phenylpropanoid pathway. As a result of our findings, we now have a better understanding of the molecular processes behind RA production in lemon balm plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Kianersi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan P.O. Box 6517838695, Iran
| | - Davood Amin Azarm
- Department of Horticulture Crop Research, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan P.O. Box 81785199, Iran;
| | - Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh
- Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj P.O. Box 3158854119, Iran;
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|