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Kundu M, Das S, Dey A, Mandal M. Dual perspective on autophagy in glioma: Detangling the dichotomous mechanisms of signaling pathways for therapeutic insights. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189168. [PMID: 39121913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a normal physiological process that aids the recycling of cellular nutrients, assisting the cells to cope with stressed conditions. However, autophagy's effect on cancer, including glioma, is uncertain and involves complicated molecular mechanisms. Several contradictory reports indicate that autophagy may promote or suppress glioma growth and progression. Autophagy inhibitors potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiation therapy in glioma. Numerous compounds stimulate autophagy to cause glioma cell death. Autophagy is also involved in the therapeutic resistance of glioma. This review article aims to detangle the complicated molecular mechanism of autophagy to provide a better perception of the two-sided role of autophagy in glioma and its therapeutic implications. The protein and epigenetic modulators of the cytoprotective and cytotoxic role of autophagy are described in this article. Moreover, several signaling pathways are associated with autophagy and its effects on glioma. We have reviewed the molecular pathways and highlighted the signaling axis involved in cytoprotective and cytotoxic autophagy. Additionally, this article discusses the role of autophagy in therapeutic resistance, including glioma stem cell maintenance and tumor microenvironment regulation. It also summarizes several investigations on the anti-glioma effects of autophagy modulators to understand the associated mechanisms and provide insights regarding its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Kundu
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; Center for Multidisciplinary Research & Innovations, Brainware University, Barasat, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Barasat, India.
| | - Subhayan Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India; Department of Allied Health Sciences, Brainware University, Barasat, India
| | - Ankita Dey
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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Morizono MA, McGuire KL, Birouty NI, Herzik MA. Structural insights into GrpEL1-mediated nucleotide and substrate release of human mitochondrial Hsp70. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593630. [PMID: 38798347 PMCID: PMC11118385 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis is necessary for cell viability and depends on a complex network of chaperones and co-chaperones, including the heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) system. In human mitochondria, mitochondrial Hsp70 (mortalin) and the nucleotide exchange factor (GrpEL1) work synergistically to stabilize proteins, assemble protein complexes, and facilitate protein import. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding these processes is hampered by limited structural information. To elucidate these mechanistic details, we used cryoEM to determine the first structures of full-length human mortalin-GrpEL1 complexes in previously unobserved states. Our structures and molecular dynamics simulations allow us to delineate specific roles for mortalin-GrpEL1 interfaces and to identify steps in GrpEL1-mediated nucleotide and substrate release by mortalin. Subsequent analyses reveal conserved mechanisms across bacteria and mammals and facilitate a complete understanding of sequential nucleotide and substrate release for the Hsp70 chaperone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Morizono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kelly L. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Natalie I. Birouty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark A. Herzik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Chang PC, Lin YC, Yen HJ, Hueng DY, Huang SM, Li YF. Ancient ubiquitous protein 1 (AUP1) is a prognostic biomarker connected with TP53 mutation and the inflamed microenvironments in glioma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:62. [PMID: 37029364 PMCID: PMC10080956 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal brain tumor. The current treatment is surgical removal combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, Temozolomide (TMZ). However, tumors tend to develop TMZ resistance which leads to therapeutic failure. Ancient ubiquitous protein 1 (AUP1) is a protein associated with lipid metabolism, which is widely expressed on the surface of ER and Lipid droplets, involved in the degradation of misfolded proteins through autophagy. It has recently been described as a prognostic marker in renal tumors. Here, we aim to use sophisticated bioinformatics and experimental validation to characterize the AUP1's role in glioma. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected the mRNA, proteomics, and Whole-Exon-Sequencing from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for bioinformatics analyses. The analyses included the expression difference, Kaplan-Meier-survival, COX-survival, and correlation to the clinical factors (tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, and driven mutant genes). Next, we validated the AUP1 protein expression using immunohistochemical staining on the 78 clinical cases and correlated them with P53 and KI67. Then, we applied GSEA analyses to identify the altered signalings and set functional experiments (including Western Blot, qPCR, BrdU, migration, cell-cycle, and RNAseq) on cell lines when supplemented with small interfering RNA targeting the AUP1 gene (siAUP1) for further validation. We integrated the single-cell sequencing and CIBERSORT analyses at the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and Glioma Longitudinal AnalySiS (GLASS) dataset to rationale the role of AUP1 in glioma. RESULTS Firstly, the AUP1 is a prognostic marker, increased in the tumor component, and correlated with tumor grade in both transcriptomes and protein levels. Secondly, we found higher AUP1 associated with TP53 status, Tumor mutation burden, and increased proliferation. In the function validation, downregulated AUP1 expression merely impacted the U87MG cells' proliferation instead of altering the lipophagy activity. From the single-cell sequencing and CIBERSORT analyses at CGGA and GLASS data, we understood the AUP1 expression was affected by the tumor proliferation, stromal, and inflammation compositions, particularly the myeloid and T cells. In the longitudinal data, the AUP1 significantly dropped in the recurrent IDH wildtype astrocytoma, which might result from increased AUP1-cold components, including oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes. CONCLUSION According to the literature, AUP1 regulates lipophagy by stabilizing the ubiquitination of lipid droplets. However, we found no direct link between AUP1 suppression and altered autophagy activity in the functional validation. Instead, we noticed AUP1 expression associated with tumor proliferation and inflammatory status, contributed by myeloid cells and T cells. In addition, the TP53 mutations seem to play an important role here and initiate inflamed microenvironments. At the same time, EGFR amplification and Chromosome 7 gain combined 10 loss are associated with increased tumor growth related to AUP1 levels. This study taught us that AUP1 is a poorer predictive biomarker associated with tumor proliferation and could report inflamed status, potentially impacting the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ju Yen
- School of Pharmacy & Institute Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Feng Li
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Yang R, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li M, Meng Y, Wang J, Wen X, Yu J, Chang P. Grpel2 maintains cardiomyocyte survival in diabetic cardiomyopathy through DLST-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction: a proof-of-concept study. J Transl Med 2023; 21:200. [PMID: 36927450 PMCID: PMC10021968 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has been considered as a major threat to health in individuals with diabetes. GrpE-like 2 (Grpel2), a nucleotide exchange factor, has been shown to regulate mitochondrial import process to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. However, the effect and mechanism of Grpel2 in DCM remain unknown. METHODS The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DCM mice model and high glucose (HG)-treated cardiomyocytes were established. Overexpression of cardiac-specific Grpel2 was performed by intramyocardial injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9). Bioinformatics analysis, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), transcriptomics profiling and functional experiments were used to explore molecular mechanism of Grpel2 in DCM. RESULTS Here, we found that Grpel2 was decreased in DCM induced by STZ. Overexpression of cardiac-specific Grpel2 alleviated cardiac dysfunction and structural remodeling in DCM. In both diabetic hearts and HG-treated cardiomyocytes, Grpel2 overexpression attenuated apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, including decreased mitochondrial ROS production, increased mitochondrial respiratory capacities and increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Mechanistically, Grpel2 interacted with dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (DLST), which positively mediated the import process of DLST into mitochondria under HG conditions. Furthermore, the protective effects of Grpel2 overexpression on mitochondrial function and cell survival were blocked by siRNA knockdown of DLST. Moreover, Nr2f6 bond to the Grpel2 promoter region and positively regulated its transcription. CONCLUSION Our study provides for the first time evidence that Grpel2 overexpression exerts a protective effect against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in DCM by maintaining the import of DLST into mitochondria. These findings suggest that targeting Grpel2 might be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Cardiology, The 989th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, 2 Huaxia West Road, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yingfan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuancui Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianbang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Department of Cardiology, The 989th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, 2 Huaxia West Road, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Clinical Experimental Center, The Affiliated Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710100, China.
| | - Pan Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China.
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Yang R, Zhang X, Xing P, Zhang S, Zhang F, Wang J, Yu J, Zhu X, Chang P. Grpel2 alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting MCU-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 609:169-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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