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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. Recent insights into metabolic and signalling events of directional root growth regulation and its implications for sustainable crop production systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154088. [PMID: 37008498 PMCID: PMC10060999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots are sensors evolved to simultaneously respond to manifold signals, which allow the plant to survive. Root growth responses, including the modulation of directional root growth, were shown to be differently regulated when the root is exposed to a combination of exogenous stimuli compared to an individual stress trigger. Several studies pointed especially to the impact of the negative phototropic response of roots, which interferes with the adaptation of directional root growth upon additional gravitropic, halotropic or mechanical triggers. This review will provide a general overview of known cellular, molecular and signalling mechanisms involved in directional root growth regulation upon exogenous stimuli. Furthermore, we summarise recent experimental approaches to dissect which root growth responses are regulated upon which individual trigger. Finally, we provide a general overview of how to implement the knowledge gained to improve plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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Paponov M, Ziegler J, Paponov IA. Light exposure of roots in aeroponics enhances the accumulation of phytochemicals in aboveground parts of the medicinal plants Artemisia annua and Hypericum perforatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1079656. [PMID: 36743490 PMCID: PMC9893289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1079656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Light acts as a trigger to enhance the accumulation of secondary compounds in the aboveground part of plants; however, whether a similar triggering effect occurs in roots is unclear. Using an aeroponic setup, we investigated the effect of long-term exposure of roots to LED lighting of different wavelengths on the growth and phytochemical composition of two high-value medicinal plants, Artemisia annua and Hypericum perforatum. In A. annua, root exposure to white, blue, and red light enhanced the accumulation of artemisinin in the shoots by 2.3-, 2.5-, and 1.9-fold, respectively. In H. perforatum, root exposure to white, blue, red, and green light enhanced the accumulation of coumaroylquinic acid in leaves by 89, 65, 84, and 74%, respectively. Root lighting also increased flavonol concentrations. In contrast to its effects in the shoots, root illumination did not change phytochemical composition in the roots or root exudates. Thus, root illumination induces a systemic response, resulting in modulation of the phytochemical composition in distal tissues remote from the light exposure site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Paponov
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, Ås, Norway
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Ivan A. Paponov
- Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, Ås, Norway
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Mandal D, Datta S, Raveendar G, Mondal PK, Nag Chaudhuri R. RAV1 mediates cytokinin signaling for regulating primary root growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:106-126. [PMID: 36423224 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Root growth dynamics is an outcome of complex hormonal crosstalk. The primary root meristem size, for example, is determined by antagonizing actions of cytokinin and auxin. Here we show that RAV1, a member of the AP2/ERF family of transcription factors, mediates cytokinin signaling in roots to regulate meristem size. The rav1 mutants have prominently longer primary roots, with a meristem that is significantly enlarged and contains higher cell numbers, compared with wild-type. The mutant phenotype could be restored on exogenous cytokinin application or by inhibiting auxin transport. At the transcript level, primary cytokinin-responsive genes like ARR1, ARR12 were significantly downregulated in the mutant root, indicating impaired cytokinin signaling. In concurrence, cytokinin induced regulation of SHY2, an Aux/IAA gene, and auxin efflux carrier PIN1 was hindered in rav1, leading to altered auxin transport and distribution. This effectively altered root meristem size in the mutant. Notably, CRF1, another member of the AP2/ERF family implicated in cytokinin signaling, is transcriptionally repressed by RAV1 to promote cytokinin response in roots. Further associating RAV1 with cytokinin signaling, our results demonstrate that cytokinin upregulates RAV1 expression through ARR1, during post-embryonic root development. Regulation of RAV1 expression is a part of secondary cytokinin response that eventually represses CRF1 to augment cytokinin signaling. To conclude, RAV1 functions in a branch pathway downstream to ARR1 that regulates CRF1 expression to enhance cytokinin action during primary root development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishti Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Saptarshi Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
| | - Giridhar Raveendar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Surjyamukhi Road, Amingaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Ronita Nag Chaudhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, 30, Mother Teresa Sarani, Kolkata, 700016, India
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Yamashita F, Baluška F. Algal Ocelloids and Plant Ocelli. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:61. [PMID: 36616190 PMCID: PMC9824129 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vision is essential for most organisms, and it is highly variable across kingdoms and domains of life. The most known and understood form is animal and human vision based on eyes. Besides the wide diversity of animal eyes, some animals such as cuttlefish and cephalopods enjoy so-called dermal or skin vision. The most simple and ancient organ of vision is the cell itself and this rudimentary vision evolved in cyanobacteria. More complex are so-called ocelloids of dinoflagellates which are composed of endocellular organelles, acting as lens- and cornea/retina-like components. Although plants have almost never been included into the recent discussions on organismal vision, their plant-specific ocelli had already been proposed by Gottlieb Haberlandt already in 1905. Here, we discuss plant ocelli and their roles in plant-specific vision, both in the shoots and roots of plants. In contrast to leaf epidermis ocelli, which are distributed throughout leaf surface, the root apex ocelli are located at the root apex transition zone and serve the light-guided root navigation. We propose that the plant ocelli evolved from the algal ocelloids, are part of complex plant sensory systems and guide cognition-based plant behavior.
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Stafen CF, Kleine-Vehn J, Maraschin FDS. Signaling events for photomorphogenic root development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1266-1282. [PMID: 36057533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A germinating seedling incorporates environmental signals such as light into developmental outputs. Light is not only a source of energy, but also a central coordinative signal in plants. Traditionally, most research focuses on aboveground organs' response to light; therefore, our understanding of photomorphogenesis in roots is relatively scarce. However, root development underground is highly responsive to light signals from the shoot and understanding these signaling mechanisms will give a better insight into early seedling development. Here, we review the central light signaling hubs and their role in root growth promotion of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Fernanda Stafen
- PPGBM - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Institute of Biology II, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Dos Santos Maraschin
- PPGBM - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Villacampa A, Fañanás‐Pueyo I, Medina FJ, Ciska M. Root growth direction in simulated microgravity is modulated by a light avoidance mechanism mediated by flavonols. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13722. [PMID: 35606933 PMCID: PMC9327515 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a microgravity environment, without any gravitropic signal, plants are not able to define and establish a longitudinal growth axis. Consequently, absorption of water and nutrients by the root and exposure of leaves to sunlight for efficient photosynthesis is hindered. In these conditions, other external cues can be explored to guide the direction of organ growth. Providing a unilateral light source can guide the shoot growth, but prolonged root exposure to light causes a stress response, affecting growth and development, and also affecting the response to other environmental factors. Here, we have investigated how the protection of the root from light exposure, while the shoot is illuminated, influences the direction of root growth in microgravity. We report that the light avoidance mechanism existing in roots guides their growth towards diminishing light and helps establish the proper longitudinal seedling axis in simulated microgravity conditions. This process is regulated by flavonols, as shown in the flavonoid-accumulating mutant transparent testa 3, which shows an increased correction of the root growth direction in microgravity, when the seedling is grown with the root protected from light. This finding may improve the efficiency of water and nutrient sourcing and photosynthesis under microgravity conditions, as they exist in space, contributing to better plant fitness and biomass production in space farming enterprises, necessary for space exploration by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villacampa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
| | | | - F. Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
| | - Malgorzata Ciska
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas – CSICMadridSpain
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Zhang J, Zhao T, Sheng K, Sun Y, Han Y, Chen Y, E Z, Zhu S, Chen J. Root Illumination Promotes Seedling Growth and Inhibits Gossypol Biosynthesis in Upland Cotton. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:728. [PMID: 35336610 PMCID: PMC8950488 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, a terpenoid compound mainly synthesized in the cotton roots, acts as a phytoalexin in protecting the plants from biotic stress. Roots are critical for both the secondary metabolism and the growth of the plant. Light plays an important role in plant growth and material metabolism, however, the effect of root illumination (RI) on the cotton seedling growth and gossypol metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, the cotton genetic standard line TM-1 and four pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) were used as materials to study the impact of RI on cotton seedlings. Results showed that, compared with the cotton seedlings cultivated without RI, the photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and dry weight of roots and leaves were significantly increased, while the gossypol content in leaves and roots was significantly reduced in seedlings cultivated with RI. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with and without RI both indicated that photosynthesis and terpenoid biosynthesis-related GO terms and pathways were significantly enriched, the expression profile confirmed that RI positively regulated the photosynthesis system and negatively affected the gossypol biosynthesis pathway in roots. This study revealed the effects of RI on seedlings' growth and gossypol biosynthesis in upland cotton, and provided important insights for the engineering of cotton with low gossypol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tianlun Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Kuang Sheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yifei Han
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yiran Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zhiying E
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
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García-González J, Lacek J, Weckwerth W, Retzer K. Throttling Growth Speed: Evaluation of aux1-7 Root Growth Profile by Combining D-Root system and Root Penetration Assay. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050650. [PMID: 35270119 PMCID: PMC8912881 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Directional root growth control is crucial for plant fitness. The degree of root growth deviation depends on several factors, whereby exogenous growth conditions have a profound impact. The perception of mechanical impedance by wild-type roots results in the modulation of root growth traits, and it is known that gravitropic stimulus influences distinct root movement patterns in concert with mechanoadaptation. Mutants with reduced shootward auxin transport are described as being numb towards mechanostimulus and gravistimulus, whereby different growth conditions on agar-supplemented medium have a profound effect on how much directional root growth and root movement patterns differ between wild types and mutants. To reduce the impact of unilateral mechanostimulus on roots grown along agar-supplemented medium, we compared the root movement of Col-0 and auxin resistant 1-7 in a root penetration assay to test how both lines adjust the growth patterns of evenly mechanostimulated roots. We combined the assay with the D-root system to reduce light-induced growth deviation. Moreover, the impact of sucrose supplementation in the growth medium was investigated because exogenous sugar enhances root growth deviation in the vertical direction. Overall, we observed a more regular growth pattern for Col-0 but evaluated a higher level of skewing of aux1-7 compared to the wild type than known from published data. Finally, the tracking of the growth rate of the gravistimulated roots revealed that Col-0 has a throttling elongation rate during the bending process, but aux1-7 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria;
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.G.-G.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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