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Zhang Y, Ge F, Luo Y, Ji X, Liu Z, Qiu Y, Hou J, Zhou R, Zhao C, Xu Q, Zhang S, Yu X, Wang C, Ge D, Meng F, Tao X. Paeonol and glycyrrhizic acid in combination ameliorate the recurrent nitroglycerin-induced migraine-like phenotype in rats by regulating the GABBR2/TRPM8/PRKACA/TRPV1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024:118464. [PMID: 38908492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paeonol (PAE) and glycyrrhizic acid (GLY) are predominate components of 14 blood-entering ones of Piantongtang No. 1, which is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription for chronic migraine with minimal side effects. Both paeonol and glycyrrhizic acid exhibit analgesic, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties individually. Our previous research has highlighted their combined effect (PAE+GLY) in ameliorating migraine symptoms. However, there are not yet any studies exploring the mechanism of action of PAE+GLY in the treatment of migraine. AIM OF THE STUDY This research aimed to determine the mechanism of PAE+GLY in ameliorating the recurrent nitroglycerin-induced migraine-like phenotype in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a nitroglycerin-induced migraine model via subcutaneous injection in the neck, we evaluated the effect of PAE+GLY on migraine-like symptoms. Behavioural tests and biomarkers analysis were employed, alongside transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Mechanistic insights were further verified utilising reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), western blot (WB), ELISA and immunofluorescence (IF) techniques. RESULTS Following treatment with PAE+GLY, hyperalgesia threshold and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels increased, and migraine-like head scratching, histamine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels were reduced. RNA-Seq experiments revealed that PAE+GLY upregulated the expression of Glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) and γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 (GABBR2) genes. This upregulation activated the GABAergic synapse pathway, effectively inhibiting migraine attacks. Further validation demonstrated an increase in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in cerebrospinal fluid post PAE+GLY treatment, coupled with increased expression of dural GAD2, GABBR2 and transient receptor potential channel M8 (TRPM8). Consequently, this inhibited the expression of dural cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PRKACA) and transient receptor potential channel type 1 (TRPV1), subsequently downregulating p-ERK1/2, p-AKT1, IL-1β and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore that PAE+GLY ameliorates inflammatory hyperalgesia migraine by upregulating inhibitory neurotransmitters and modulating the GABBR2/TRPM8/PRKACA/TRPV1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fei Ge
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yamin Luo
- Bejing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuenian Ji
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuehua Qiu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianchen Hou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ranran Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Caihong Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qianwei Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Bejing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongyu Ge
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fengxian Meng
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Literature, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Lu YH, Jeon J, Mahajan L, Yan Y, Weichman KE, Ricci JA. Postoperative Magnesium Sulfate Repletion Decreases Narcotic Use in Abdominal-Based Free Flap Breast Reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2024. [PMID: 38272058 DOI: 10.1055/a-2253-9008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsurgical breast reconstruction after mastectomy is now the standard of care for breast cancer patients. However, the costs and resources involved in free flap reconstruction can vary across different medical settings. To enhance patient outcomes in a cost-effective manner, we investigated the effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate (IV Mg) on postoperative opioid usage in this context. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on all consecutive patients who underwent abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction in a single institute following an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol. Patients who received IV Mg were compared with those who did not receive supplementation. Serum magnesium levels at different time points, narcotic consumption in units of oral morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs), and other postoperative recovery parameters were compared. RESULTS Eighty-two patients were included. Those who received IV Mg on postoperative day 0 (n = 67) showed significantly lower serum magnesium levels before repletion (1.5 vs. 1.7 mg/dL, p = 0.004) and significantly higher levels on postoperative day 1 after repletion (2.2 vs. 1.7 mg/dL, p = 0.0002) compared to patients who received no magnesium repletion (n = 13). While both groups required a similar amount of narcotics on postoperative day 0 (20.2 vs. 13.2 MMEs, p = 0.2), those who received IV Mg needed significantly fewer narcotics for pain control on postoperative day 1 (12.2 MMEs for IV Mg vs. 19.8 MMEs for No Mg, p = 0.03). Recovery parameters, including maximal pain scores, postoperative mobilization, and length of hospital stay, did not significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION This is the first study to describe the potential analgesic benefits of routine postoperative magnesium repletion in abdominal-based free flap reconstruction. Further research is necessary to fully understand the role of perioperative magnesium supplementation as part of an ERAS protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsueh Lu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Jini Jeon
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Lakshmi Mahajan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yufan Yan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Katie E Weichman
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Joseph A Ricci
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Northwell Health, Hofstra School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York
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Wang J, Li Z, Tu Y, Gao F. The Dopaminergic System in the Ventral Tegmental Area Contributes to Morphine Analgesia and Tolerance. Neuroscience 2023; 527:74-83. [PMID: 37286162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Morphine has a strong analgesic effect and is suitable for various types of pain, so it is widely used. But long-term usage of morphine can lead to drug tolerance, which limits its clinical application. The complex mechanisms underlying the development of morphine analgesia into tolerance involve multiple nuclei in the brain. Recent studies reveal the signaling at the cellular and molecular levels as well as neural circuits contributing to morphine analgesia and tolerance in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is traditionally considered a critical center of opioid reward and addiction. Existing studies show that dopamine receptors and μ-opioid receptors participate in morphine tolerance through the altered activities of dopaminergic and/or non-dopaminergic neurons in the VTA. Several neural circuits related to the VTA are also involved in the regulation of morphine analgesia and the development of drug tolerance. Reviewing specific cellular and molecular targets and related neural circuits may provide novel precautionary strategies for morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2021. Peptides 2023; 164:171004. [PMID: 36990387 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the forty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2021 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonizts and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Srebro D, Dožić B, Vučković S, Savić Vujović K, Medić Brkić B, Dožić I, Srebro M. The Interactions of Magnesium Sulfate and Cromoglycate in a Rat Model of Orofacial Pain; The Role of Magnesium on Mast Cell Degranulation in Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076241. [PMID: 37047214 PMCID: PMC10094402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell degranulation impacts the development of pain and inflammation during tissue injury. We investigated the antinociceptive effect of a combination of cromoglycate and magnesium in the orofacial model of pain and the histological profile of the effect of magnesium in orofacial pain. In male Wistar rats, formalin (1.5%, 100 µL) was injected subcutaneously into the right upper lip of rats after cromoglycate and/or magnesium. Pain was measured as the total time spent on pain-related behavior. Toluidine blue staining was used to visualize mast cells under the light microscope. In the formalin test, in phase 1, magnesium antagonized the antinociceptive effect of cromoglycate, while in phase 2, it potentiated or inhibited its effect. Magnesium significantly reduced mast cell degranulation in the acute phase by about 23% and in the second phase by about 40%. Pearson’s coefficient did not show a significant correlation between mast cell degranulation and pain under treatment with magnesium. The cromoglycate–magnesium sulfate combination may prevent the development of inflammatory orofacial pain. The effect of a combination of cromoglycate–magnesium sulfate depends on the nature of the pain and the individual effects of the drugs. Magnesium reduced orofacial inflammation in the periphery, and this effect did not significantly contribute to its analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Srebro
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića-Starijeg 1, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.)
| | - Branko Dožić
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića-Starijeg 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sonja Vučković
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića-Starijeg 1, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.)
| | - Katarina Savić Vujović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića-Starijeg 1, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.)
| | - Branislava Medić Brkić
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića-Starijeg 1, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.)
| | - Ivan Dožić
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića-Starijeg 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Srebro
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića-Starijeg 1, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.S.)
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Zhang X, Lee W, Bian JS. Recent Advances in the Study of Na +/K +-ATPase in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244075. [PMID: 36552839 PMCID: PMC9777075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), a large transmembrane protein, is expressed in the plasma membrane of most eukaryotic cells. It maintains resting membrane potential, cell volume and secondary transcellular transport of other ions and neurotransmitters. NKA consumes about half of the ATP molecules in the brain, which makes NKA highly sensitive to energy deficiency. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are a group of diseases characterized by chronic, progressive and irreversible neuronal loss in specific brain areas. The pathogenesis of NDDs is sophisticated, involving protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The protective effect of NKA against NDDs has been emerging gradually in the past few decades. Hence, understanding the role of NKA in NDDs is critical for elucidating the underlying pathophysiology of NDDs and identifying new therapeutic targets. The present review focuses on the recent progress involving different aspects of NKA in cellular homeostasis to present in-depth understanding of this unique protein. Moreover, the essential roles of NKA in NDDs are discussed to provide a platform and bright future for the improvement of clinical research in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weithye Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence:
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Liu YJ, Li YL, Fang ZH, Liao HL, Zhang YY, Lin J, Liu F, Shen JF. NMDARs mediate peripheral and central sensitization contributing to chronic orofacial pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:999509. [PMID: 36238833 PMCID: PMC9553029 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.999509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral and central sensitizations of the trigeminal nervous system are the main mechanisms to promote the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain characterized by allodynia, hyperalgesia, and ectopic pain after trigeminal nerve injury or inflammation. Although the pathomechanisms of chronic orofacial pain are complex and not well known, sufficient clinical and preclinical evidence supports the contribution of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs, a subclass of ionotropic glutamate receptors) to the trigeminal nociceptive signal processing pathway under various pathological conditions. NMDARs not only have been implicated as a potential mediator of pain-related neuroplasticity in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) but also mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we focus on the pivotal roles and mechanisms of NMDARs in the trigeminal nervous system under orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In particular, we summarize the types, components, and distribution of NMDARs in the trigeminal nervous system. Besides, we discuss the regulatory roles of neuron-nonneuronal cell/neuron-neuron communication mediated by NMDARs in the peripheral mechanisms of chronic orofacial pain following neuropathic injury and inflammation. Furthermore, we review the functional roles and mechanisms of NMDARs in the ascending and descending circuits under orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory pain conditions, which contribute to the central sensitization. These findings are not only relevant to understanding the underlying mechanisms, but also shed new light on the targeted therapy of chronic orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Han Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Fei Shen Fei Liu
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Fei Shen Fei Liu
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Xiang C, Chen C, Li X, Wu Y, Xu Q, Wen L, Xiong W, Liu Y, Zhang T, Dou C, Ding X, Hu L, Chen F, Yan Z, Liang L, Wei G. Computational approach to decode the mechanism of curcuminoids against neuropathic pain. Comput Biol Med 2022; 147:105739. [PMID: 35763932 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are the main components of turmeric that commonly used to treat neuropathic pain (NP). However, the mechanism of the therapy is not sufficiently clarified. Herein, network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) approaches were used to investigate the mechanism of curcuminoids for NP treatment. METHODS Active targets of curcuminoids were obtained from the Swiss Target database, and NP-related targets were retrieved from GeneCards, OMIM, Drugbank and TTD databases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built to screen the core targets. Furthermore, DAVID was used for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Interactions between potential targets and curcuminoids were assessed by molecular docking and the MD simulations were run for 100ns to validate the docking results on the top six complexes. RESULTS CUR, DMC, and BDMC had 100, 99 and 100 targets respectively. After overlapping with NP there were 33, 33 and 31 targets respectively. PPI network analysis of TOP 10 core targets, TNF, GSK3β were common targets of curcuminoids. Molecular docking and MD results indicated that curcuminoids bind strongly with the core targets. The GO and KEGG showed that curcuminoids regulated nitrogen metabolism, the serotonergic synapse and ErbB signaling pathway to alleviate NP. Furthermore, specific targets in these three compounds were also analysed at the same time. CONCLUSIONS This study systematically explored and compared the anti-NP mechanism of curcuminoids, providing a novel perspective for their utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Xiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chunlan Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xi Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yating Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lingmiao Wen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yanjun Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tinglan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chongyang Dou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xian Ding
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lin Hu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fangfang Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lingli Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.
| | - Guihua Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.
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