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Zhang S, Meor Azlan NF, Josiah SS, Zhou J, Zhou X, Jie L, Zhang Y, Dai C, Liang D, Li P, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. The role of SLC12A family of cation-chloride cotransporters and drug discovery methodologies. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1471-1495. [PMID: 38223443 PMCID: PMC10785268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12 (SLC12) of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) comprises potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs, e.g. KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4)-mediated Cl- extrusion, and sodium potassium chloride cotransporters (N[K]CCs, NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC)-mediated Cl- loading. The CCCs play vital roles in cell volume regulation and ion homeostasis. Gain-of-function or loss-of-function of these ion transporters can cause diseases in many tissues. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of CCCs' control mechanisms in cell volume regulations, with many techniques developed in studying the functions and activities of CCCs. Classic approaches to directly measure CCC activity involve assays that measure the transport of potassium substitutes through the CCCs. These techniques include the ammonium pulse technique, radioactive or nonradioactive rubidium ion uptake-assay, and thallium ion-uptake assay. CCCs' activity can also be indirectly observed by measuring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity with patch-clamp electrophysiology and intracellular chloride concentration with sensitive microelectrodes, radiotracer 36Cl-, and fluorescent dyes. Other techniques include directly looking at kinase regulatory sites phosphorylation, flame photometry, 22Na+ uptake assay, structural biology, molecular modeling, and high-throughput drug screening. This review summarizes the role of CCCs in genetic disorders and cell volume regulation, current methods applied in studying CCCs biology, and compounds developed that directly or indirectly target the CCCs for disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Lingjun Jie
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Aurora Discovery Inc., Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Matera C, Bregestovski P. Light-Controlled Modulation and Analysis of Neuronal Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12921. [PMID: 36361710 PMCID: PMC9657357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Light is an extraordinary tool allowing us to read out and control neuronal functions thanks to its unique properties: it has a great degree of bioorthogonality and is minimally invasive; it can be precisely delivered with high spatial and temporal precision; and it can be used simultaneously or consequently at multiple wavelengths and locations [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Matera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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Proskurina EY, Zaitsev AV. Regulation of Potassium and Chloride Concentrations in Nervous Tissue as a Method of Anticonvulsant Therapy. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022050015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Under some pathological conditions, such as pharmacoresistant
epilepsy, status epilepticus or certain forms of genetic abnormalities,
spiking activity of GABAergic interneurons may enhance excitation
processes in neuronal circuits and provoke the generation of ictal
discharges. As a result, anticonvulsants acting on the GABAergic
system may be ineffective or even increase seizure activity. This
paradoxical effect of the inhibitory system is due to ionic imbalances
in nervous tissue. This review addresses the mechanisms of ictal
discharge initiation in neuronal networks due to the imbalance of
chloride and potassium ions, as well as possible ways to regulate
ionic concentrations. Both the enhancement (or attenuation) of the
activity of certain neuronal ion transporters and ion pumps and
their additional expression via gene therapy can be effective in
suppressing seizure activity caused by ionic imbalances. The Na+–K+-pump,
NKCC1 and KCC2 cotransporters are important for maintaining proper
K+ and Cl– concentrations
in nervous tissue, having been repeatedly considered as pharmacological
targets for antiepileptic exposures. Further progress in this direction
is hampered by the lack of sufficiently selective pharmacological
tools and methods for providing effective drug delivery to the epileptic
focus. The use of the gene therapy techniques, such as overexpressing
of the KCC2 transporter in the epileptic focus, seems to be a more promising
approach. Another possible direction could be the use of optogenetic
tools, namely specially designed light-activated ion pumps or ion
channels. In this case, photon energy can be used to create the
required gradients of chloride and potassium ions, although these
methods also have significant limitations which complicate their
rapid introduction into medicine.
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Eliat F, Sohn R, Renner H, Kagermeier T, Volkery S, Brinkmann H, Kirschnick N, Kiefer F, Grabos M, Becker K, Bedzhov I, Schöler HR, Bruder JM. Tissue clearing may alter emission and absorption properties of common fluorophores. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5551. [PMID: 35365729 PMCID: PMC8975997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, 3D cell culture has been gaining a more widespread following across many fields of biology. Tissue clearing enables optical analysis of intact 3D samples and investigation of molecular and structural mechanisms by homogenizing the refractive indices of tissues to make them nearly transparent. Here, we describe and quantify that common clearing solutions including benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB), PEG-associated solvent system (PEGASOS), immunolabeling-enabled imaging of solvent-cleared organs (iDISCO), clear, unobstructed brain/body imaging cocktails and computational analysis (CUBIC), and ScaleS4 alter the emission spectra of Alexa Fluor fluorophores and fluorescent dyes. Clearing modifies not only the emitted light intensity but also alters the absorption and emission peaks, at times to several tens of nanometers. The resulting shifts depend on the interplay of solvent, fluorophore, and the presence of cells. For biological applications, this increases the risk for unexpected channel crosstalk, as filter sets are usually not optimized for altered fluorophore emission spectra in clearing solutions. This becomes especially problematic in high throughput/high content campaigns, which often rely on multiband excitation to increase acquisition speed. Consequently, researchers relying on clearing in quantitative multiband excitation experiments should crosscheck their fluorescent signal after clearing in order to inform the proper selection of filter sets and fluorophores for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farsam Eliat
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Schlossplatz 2, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Rebecca Sohn
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henrik Renner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Theresa Kagermeier
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Schlossplatz 2, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Volkery
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heike Brinkmann
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Kirschnick
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martha Grabos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Schlossplatz 2, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Bedzhov
- Embryonic Self-Organization research group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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