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Lu H, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis of a Cotton Mutant yl1 with a Chlorophyll-Reduced Leaf. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1789. [PMID: 38999629 PMCID: PMC11244299 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Leaf color mutants serve as ideal materials for studying photosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism, and other physiological processes. Here, we identified a spontaneous yellow-leaf mutant (yl1) with chlorophyll-reduced leaves from G. hirsutum L. cv ZM24. Compare to wild type ZM24 with green leaves, yl1 exhibited patchy yellow leaves and reduced chlorophyll content. To further explore the mechanisms of the patchy yellow phenotype of the mutant plant, the transcriptomics and proteomics profiles were conducted for the mutant and wild types. A total of 9247 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1368 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified. Following gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG enrichment, the DEGs/DAPs were found to be significantly involved in multiple important pathways, including the obsolete oxidation-reduction process, photosynthesis, light-harvesting, the microtubule-based process, cell redox homeostasis, and the carbohydrate metabolic process. In photosynthesis and the light-harvesting pathway, a total of 39 DAPs/DEGs were identified, including 9 genes in the PSI, 7 genes in the PS II, 9 genes in the light-harvesting chlorophyll protein complex (LHC), 10 genes in the PsbP family, and 4 genes in the cytochrome b6/f complex. To validate the reliability of the omics data, GhPPD1, a DAPs in the PsbP family, was knocked down in cotton using the TRV-based VIGS system, and it was observed that the GhPPD1-silenced plants exhibited patchy yellow color, accompanied by a significant decrease in chlorophyll content. In conclusion, this study integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the chlorophyll-reduced leaf phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Lu
- Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Yuyang Xiao
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Plant Genomics and Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Lab, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Zou Y, Huang Y, Zhang D, Chen H, Liang Y, Hao M, Yin Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Chlorophyll Deficiency in Ilex × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' Mutant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1284. [PMID: 38794356 PMCID: PMC11124982 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ilex × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' represents a yellow leaf mutant originating from I. × attenuata 'Foster#2', a popular ornamental woody cultivar. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this leaf color mutation remain unclear. Using a comprehensive approach encompassing cytological, physiological, and transcriptomic methodologies, notable distinctions were discerned between the mutant specimen and its wild type. The mutant phenotype displayed aberrant chloroplast morphology, diminished chlorophyll content, heightened carotenoid/chlorophyll ratios, and a decelerated rate of plant development. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. The up-regulation of CHLD and CHLI subunits leads to decreased magnesium chelatase activity, while the up-regulation of COX10 increases heme biosynthesis-both impair chlorophyll synthesis. Conversely, the down-regulation of HEMD hindered chlorophyll synthesis, and the up-regulation of SGR enhanced chlorophyll degradation, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content. Additionally, genes linked to carotenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid metabolism, and photosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. We also identified 311 putative differentially expressed transcription factors, including bHLHs and GLKs. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color mutation in I. × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' and provide a substantial gene reservoir for enhancing leaf color through breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zou
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Qinghao Landscape Horticulture Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211225, China
| | - Yajian Huang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Donglin Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Youwang Liang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Mingzhuo Hao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Qinghao Landscape Horticulture Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211225, China
| | - Yunlong Yin
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
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Liu L, Fu Z, Wang X, Xu C, Gan C, Fan D, Soon Chow W. Exposed anthocyanic leaves of Prunus cerasifera are special shade leaves with high resistance to blue light but low resistance to red light against photoinhibition of photosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:163-177. [PMID: 37382489 PMCID: PMC10550276 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The photoprotective role of foliar anthocyanins has long been ambiguous: exacerbating, being indifferent to or ameliorating the photoinhibition of photosynthesis. The photoinhibitory light spectrum and failure to separate photo-resistance from repair, as well as the different methods used to quantify the photo-susceptibility of the photosystems, could lead to such a discrepancy. METHODS We selected two congeneric deciduous shrubs, Prunus cerasifera with anthocyanic leaves and Prunus triloba with green leaves, grown under identical growth conditions in an open field. The photo-susceptibilities of photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) to red light and blue light, in the presence of lincomycin (to block the repair), of exposed leaves were quantified by a non-intrusive P700+ signal from PSI. Leaf absorption, pigments, gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence were also measured. KEY RESULTS The content of anthocyanins in red leaves (P. cerasifera) was >13 times greater than that in green leaves (P. triloba). With no difference in maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and apparent CO2 quantum yield (AQY) in red light, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed some shade-acclimated suites, including lower Chl a/b ratio, lower photosynthesis rate, lower stomatal conductance and lower PSII/PSI ratio (on an arbitrary scale), compared with green leaves (P. triloba). In the absence of repair of PSII, anthocyanic leaves (P. cerasifera) showed a rate coefficient of PSII photoinactivation (ki) that was 1.8 times higher than that of green leaves (P. triloba) under red light, but significantly lower (-18 %) under blue light. PSI of both types of leaves was not photoinactivated under blue or red light. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of repair, anthocyanic leaves exhibited an exacerbation of PSII photoinactivation under red light and a mitigation under blue light, which can partially reconcile the existing controversy in terms of the photoprotection by anthocyanins. Overall, the results demonstrate that appropriate methodology applied to test the photoprotection hypothesis of anthocyanins is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zengjuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengyang Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Changqing Gan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dayong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Guo N, Tang S, Wang J, Hu S, Tang S, Wei X, Shao G, Jiao G, Sheng Z, Hu P. Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Revealed That Hormone and Reactive Oxygen Species Synergetically Regulate Dormancy of Introgression Line in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076088. [PMID: 37047061 PMCID: PMC10094489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormancy is a complex agronomy phenotype controlled by multiple signaling and a key trait repressing pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). However, the signaling network of dormancy remains unclear. In this study, we used Zhonghua11 (ZH11) with a weak dormancy, and Introgression line (IL) with a strong dormancy to study the mechanism of hormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS) crosstalk regulating rice dormancy. The germination experiment showed that the germination rate of ZH11 was 76.86%, while that of IL was only 1.25%. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 1658 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IL and ZH11, of which 577 were up-regulated and 1081 were down-regulated. Additionally, DEGs were mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, cell periphery, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Tandem mass tags (TMT) quantitative proteomics analysis showed 275 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between IL and ZH11, of which 176 proteins were up-regulated, 99 were down-regulated, and the DEPs were mainly enriched in the metabolic process and oxidation-reduction process. The comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analysis showed that their correlation was very low, and only 56 genes were co-expressed. Hormone content detection showed that IL had significantly lower abscisic acid (ABA) contents than the ZH11 while having significantly higher jasmonic acid (JA) contents than the ZH11. ROS content measurement showed that the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of IL was significantly lower than the ZH11, while the production rate of superoxide anion (O2.-) was significantly higher than the ZH11. These results indicate that hormones and ROS crosstalk to regulate rice dormancy. In particular, this study has deepened our mechanism of ROS and JA crosstalk regulating rice dormancy and is conducive to our precise inhibition of PHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihui Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shengjia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Peisong Hu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, China National Rice improvement Centre, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Komatsu S, Colgrave ML. Plant Proteomic Research 5.0: From Data to Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010258. [PMID: 36613697 PMCID: PMC9820467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics offers one of the best approaches for the functional analysis of the genome, generating detailed information that can be integrated with that obtained by other classic and omics approaches [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-0028, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, QLD 4053, Australia
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Rd., Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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Wan D, Wan Y, Zhang T, Wang R, Ding Y. Multi-omics analysis reveals the molecular changes accompanying heavy-grazing-induced dwarfing of Stipa grandis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:995074. [PMID: 36407579 PMCID: PMC9673880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.995074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy grazing significantly reduces Stipa grandis growth. To enhance our understanding of plant responses to heavy grazing, we conducted transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolic analyses of the leaves of non-grazed plants (NG) and heavy-grazing-induced dwarf plants (HG) of S. grandis. A total of 101 metabolites, 167 proteins, and 1,268 genes differed in abundance between the HG and NG groups. Analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways among differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) revealed that the most enriched pathways were flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. An integrative analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins, and DAMs in these three pathways was performed. Heavy-grazing-induced dwarfism decreased the accumulation of DAMs enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, among which four DAMs were associated with lignin biosynthesis. In contrast, all DAMs enriched in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and tryptophan metabolism showed increased accumulation in HG compared with NG plants. Among the DAMs enriched in tryptophan metabolism, three were involved in tryptophan-dependent IAA biosynthesis. Some of the DEGs and proteins enriched in these pathways showed different expression trends. The results indicated that these pathways play important roles in the regulation of growth and grazing-associated stress adaptions of S. grandis. This study enriches the knowledge of the mechanism of heavy-grazing-induced growth inhibition of S. grandis and provides valuable information for restoration of the productivity in degraded grassland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Wan
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongqing Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tongrui Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
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Chen J, Li Y, He D, Bai M, Li B, Zhang Q, Luo L. Cytological, physiological and transcriptomic analysis of variegated Leaves in Primulina pungentisepala offspring. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:419. [PMID: 36045322 PMCID: PMC9434889 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primulina pungentisepala is suitable for use as a potted plant because of its beautiful leaf variegation, which is significantly different in its selfed offspring. However, the mechanism of P. pungentisepala leaf variegation is unclear. In this study, two types of offspring showing the greatest differences were compared in terms of leaf structure, chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and transcriptomes to provide a reference for studying the molecular mechanism of structural leaf variegation. RESULTS Air spaces were found between water storage tissue, and the palisade tissue cells were spherical in the white type. The content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (chlorophyll a + b) was significantly lower in the white type, but there were no significant differences in the content of chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b or chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the white and green types. We performed transcriptomic sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in cell division and differentiation, chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. Among these genes, the expression of the cell division- and differentiation-related leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XET/H), pectinesterase (PE), expansin (EXP), cellulose synthase-like (CSL), VARIEGATED 3 (VAR3), and ZAT10 genes were downregulated in the white type, which might have promoted the development air spaces and variant palisade cells. Chlorophyll biosynthesis-related hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HEMC) and the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) were downregulated, while chlorophyll degradation-related chlorophyllase-2 (CHL2) was upregulated in the white type, which might have led to lower chlorophyll accumulation. CONCLUSION Leaf variegation in P. pungentisepala was caused by a combination of mechanisms involving structural variegation and low chlorophyll levels. Our research provides significant insights into the molecular mechanisms of structural leaf variegation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yueya Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Dong He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Meng Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Le Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Engineering Research Center of Landscape Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083 China
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