Exposure of Toluene Diisocyanate Induces DUSP6 and p53 through Activation of TRPA1 Receptor

Antimony Compounds Associate with Atopic Dermatitis and Influence Models of Itch and Dysbiosis

Compared to the myriad of known triggers for rhinitis and asthma, environmental exposure research for atopic dermatitis (AD) is not well established. We recently reported that an untargeted search of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) databases versus AD rates by United States (U.S.) postal codes revealed that isocyanates, such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI), are the pollutant class with the strongest spatiotemporal and epidemiologic association with AD. We further demonstrated that (di)isocyanates disrupt ceramide-family lipid production in commensal bacteria and activate the thermo-itch host receptor TRPA1. In this report, we reanalyzed regions of the U.S. with low levels of diisocyanate pollution to assess if a different chemical class may contribute. We identified antimony compounds as the top associated pollutant in such regions. Exposure to antimony compounds would be expected from brake dust in high-traffic areas, smelting plants, bottled water, and dust from aerosolized soil. Like TDI, antimony inhibited ceramide-family lipid production in Roseomonas mucosa and activated TRPA1 in human neurons. While further epidemiologic research will be needed to directly evaluate antimony exposure with surrounding AD prevalence and severity, these data suggest that compounds which are epidemiologically associated with AD, inhibit commensal lipid production, and activate TRPA1 may be causally related to AD pathogenesis.