1
|
Zou C, Zhang X, Xu Y, Yin J. Recent Advances Regarding Polyphenol Oxidase in Camellia sinensis: Extraction, Purification, Characterization, and Application. Foods 2024; 13:545. [PMID: 38397522 PMCID: PMC10887689 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an important metalloenzyme in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). However, there has recently been a lack of comprehensive reviews on Camellia sinensis PPO. In this study, the methods for extracting PPO from Camellia sinensis, including acetone extraction, buffer extraction, and surfactant extraction, are compared in detail. The main purification methods for Camellia sinensis PPO, such as ammonium sulfate precipitation, three-phase partitioning, dialysis, ultrafiltration, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and affinity chromatography, are summarized. PPOs from different sources of tea plants are characterized and systematically compared in terms of optimal pH, optimal temperature, molecular weight, substrate specificity, and activators and inhibitors. In addition, the applications of PPO in tea processing and the in vitro synthesis of theaflavins are outlined. In this review, detailed research regarding the extraction, purification, properties, and application of Camellia sinensis PPO is summarized to provide a reference for further research on PPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yongquan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Junfeng Yin
- National Engineering Research Center for Tea Processing, Hangzhou 310008, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feser CJ, Williams JM, Lammers DT, Bingham JR, Eckert MJ, Tolar J, Osborn MJ. Engineering Human Cells Expressing CRISPR/Cas9-Synergistic Activation Mediators for Recombinant Protein Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8468. [PMID: 37239814 PMCID: PMC10218281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant engineering for protein production commonly employs plasmid-based gene templates for introduction and expression of genes in a candidate cell system in vitro. Challenges to this approach include identifying cell types that can facilitate proper post-translational modifications and difficulty expressing large multimeric proteins. We hypothesized that integration of the CRISPR/Cas9-synergistic activator mediator (SAM) system into the human genome would be a powerful tool capable of robust gene expression and protein production. SAMs are comprised of a "dead" Cas9 (dCas9) linked to transcriptional activators viral particle 64 (VP64), nuclear factor-kappa-B p65 subunit (p65), and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and are programmable to single or multiple gene targets. We integrated the components of the SAM system into human HEK293, HKB11, SK-HEP1, and HEP-g2 cells using coagulation factor X (FX) and fibrinogen (FBN) as proof of concept. We observed upregulation of mRNA in each cell type with concomitant protein expression. Our findings demonstrate the capability of human cells stably expressing SAM for user-defined singleplex and multiplex gene targeting and highlight their broad potential utility for recombinant engineering as well as transcriptional modulation across networks for basic, translational, and clinical modeling and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby J. Feser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - James M. Williams
- Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA; (J.M.W.); (D.T.L.); (J.R.B.); (M.J.E.)
| | - Daniel T. Lammers
- Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA; (J.M.W.); (D.T.L.); (J.R.B.); (M.J.E.)
| | - Jason R. Bingham
- Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA; (J.M.W.); (D.T.L.); (J.R.B.); (M.J.E.)
| | - Matthew J. Eckert
- Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA; (J.M.W.); (D.T.L.); (J.R.B.); (M.J.E.)
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, 160 Dental Circle, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (J.T.)
| | - Mark J. Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao KN, Masci P, Dimeski G, Johnson L, Grant M, de Jersey J, Lavin MF. Potential Application of Recombinant Snake Prothrombin Activator Ecarin in Blood Diagnostics. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1704. [PMID: 36421717 PMCID: PMC9687618 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here the purification and cloning of a codon-optimized form of the snake prothrombin activator ecarin from the saw scaled viper (Echis carinatus) expressed in mammalian cells. Expression of recombinant ecarin (rEcarin) was carried out in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) cells under conditions for the development and performance of a novel and scalable recombinant snake ecarin to industry standards. Clotting performance of the rEcarin was established in recalcified citrated whole blood, plasma, and fresh whole blood and found to be comparable to native ecarin (N-Ecarin). Furthermore, hemolysis was observed with N-Ecarin at relatively high doses in both recalcified citrated and fresh whole blood, while clotting was not observed with rEcarin, providing an important advantage for the recombinant form. In addition, rEcarin effectively clotted both recalcified citrated whole blood and fresh whole blood containing different anticoagulants including heparin, warfarin, dabigatran, Fondaparinux, rivaroxaban and apixaban, forming firm clots in the blood collection tubes. These results demonstrate that rEcarin efficiently clots normal blood as well as blood spiked with high concentrations of anticoagulants and has great potential as an additive to blood collection tubes to produce high quality serum for analyte analysis in diagnostic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Nan Zhao
- Australian Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research-Venomics Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Masci
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research-Venomics Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Goce Dimeski
- Chemical Pathology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lambro Johnson
- Australian Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Grant
- Q-Sera Pty Ltd., Level 9, 31 Queen St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - John de Jersey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- Australian Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, RBWH Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Yang X, Guan Y, Pan Z. Prediction of Drug–Target Interaction Using Dual-Network Integrated Logistic Matrix Factorization and Knowledge Graph Embedding. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165131. [PMID: 36014371 PMCID: PMC9412517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, drug–target interactions (DTIs) prediction is a fundamental part of drug repositioning. However, on the one hand, drug–target interactions prediction models usually consider drugs or targets information, which ignore prior knowledge between drugs and targets. On the other hand, models incorporating priori knowledge cannot make interactions prediction for under-studied drugs and targets. Hence, this article proposes a novel dual-network integrated logistic matrix factorization DTIs prediction scheme (Ro-DNILMF) via a knowledge graph embedding approach. This model adds prior knowledge as input data into the prediction model and inherits the advantages of the DNILMF model, which can predict under-studied drug–target interactions. Firstly, a knowledge graph embedding model based on relational rotation (RotatE) is trained to construct the interaction adjacency matrix and integrate prior knowledge. Secondly, a dual-network integrated logistic matrix factorization prediction model (DNILMF) is used to predict new drugs and targets. Finally, several experiments conducted on the public datasets are used to demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the single base-line model and some mainstream methods on efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xixin Yang
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266017, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuanlin Guan
- Key Lab of Industrial Fluid Energy Conservation and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zhenkuan Pan
- College of Computer Science & Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feser CJ, Lees CJ, Lammers DT, Riddle MJ, Bingham JR, Eckert MJ, Tolar J, Osborn MJ. Engineering CRISPR/Cas9 for Multiplexed Recombinant Coagulation Factor Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095090. [PMID: 35563479 PMCID: PMC9100926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current hemostatic agents are obtained from pooled plasma from multiple donors requiring costly pathogen screening and processing. Recombinant DNA-based production represents an engineering solution that could improve supply, uniformity, and safety. Current approaches are typically for single gene candidate peptides and often employ non-human cells. We devised an approach where multiple gene products could be produced from a single population of cells. We identified gene specific Synergistic Activation Mediators (SAM) from the CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted overexpression of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X, and fibrinogen. The components of the CRISPR-SAM system were expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells (HEK293), and single (singleplex) or multi-gene (multiplex) upregulation was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and protein expression by ELISA analysis. Factor II, VII, IX, and X singleplex and multiplex activation resulted in 120–4700-fold and 60–680-fold increases in gene expression, respectively. Fibrinogen sub-unit gene activation resulted in a 1700–92,000-fold increases and 80–5500-fold increases in singleplex or multiplex approaches, respectively. ELISA analysis showed a concomitant upregulation of candidate gene products. Our findings demonstrate the capability of CRISPR/Cas9 SAMs for single or multi-agent production in human cells and represent an engineering advance that augments current recombinant peptide production techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby J. Feser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (C.J.L.); (M.J.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Christopher J. Lees
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (C.J.L.); (M.J.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Daniel T. Lammers
- Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave., Tacoma, WA 98431, USA; (D.T.L.); (J.R.B.); (M.J.E.)
| | - Megan J. Riddle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (C.J.L.); (M.J.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Jason R. Bingham
- Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave., Tacoma, WA 98431, USA; (D.T.L.); (J.R.B.); (M.J.E.)
| | - Matthew J. Eckert
- Department of General Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave., Tacoma, WA 98431, USA; (D.T.L.); (J.R.B.); (M.J.E.)
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, 160 Dental Circle, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (C.J.L.); (M.J.R.); (J.T.)
| | - Mark J. Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MMC 366 Mayo, 8366A, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.J.F.); (C.J.L.); (M.J.R.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pechlivani N, Kearney KJ, Tiede C, Cheah R, Phoenix F, Ponnambalam S, Ault JR, McPherson MJ, Tomlinson DC, Ajjan RA. Affinity purification of fibrinogen using an Affimer column. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|