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Monedero Cobeta I, Gomez Bris R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Saez A, Quintana-Villamandos B, González Granado JM, Arribas SM. Fetal programming and lactation: modulating gene expression in response to undernutrition during intrauterine life. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1764-1774. [PMID: 38326476 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse environmental conditions during intrauterine life, known as fetal programming, significantly contribute to the development of diseases in adulthood. Fetal programming induced by factors like maternal undernutrition leads to low birth weight and increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. METHODS We studied a rat model of maternal undernutrition during gestation (MUN) to investigate gene expression changes in cardiac tissue using RNA-sequencing of day 0-1 litters. Moreover, we analyzed the impact of lactation at day 21, in MUN model and cross-fostering experiments, on cardiac structure and function assessed by transthoracic echocardiography, and gene expression changes though qPCR. RESULTS Our analysis identified specific genes with altered expression in MUN rats at birth. Two of them, Agt and Pparg, stand out for being associated with cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. At the end of the lactation period, MUN males showed increased expression of Agt and decreased expression of Pparg, correlating with cardiac hypertrophy. Cross-fostering experiments revealed that lactation with control breastmilk mitigated these expression changes reducing cardiac hypertrophy in MUN males. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the interplay between fetal programming, gene expression, and cardiac hypertrophy suggesting that lactation period is a potential intervention window to mitigate the effects of fetal programming. IMPACT Heart remodeling involves the alteration of several groups of genes and lactation period plays a key role in establishing gene expression modification caused by fetal programming. We could identify expression changes of relevant genes in cardiac tissue induced by undernutrition during fetal life. We expose the contribution of the lactation period in modulating the expression of Agt and Pparg, relevant genes associated with cardiac hypertrophy. This evidence reveal lactation as a crucial intervention window for preventing or countering fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Monedero Cobeta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gomez Bris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angela Saez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Begoña Quintana-Villamandos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Maria González Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia Magdalena Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Tagami K, Iwama N, Hamada H, Tomita H, Kudo R, Kumagai N, Sato N, Izumi S, Sakurai K, Watanabe Z, Ishikuro M, Obara T, Tatsuta N, Hoshiai T, Metoki H, Saito M, Sugawara J, Kuriyama S, Arima T, Yaegashi N. Maternal birth weight as an indicator of early-onset and late-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2023; 34:159-168. [PMID: 37992490 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal birth weight (MBW) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) according to the gestational age when HDP develops. STUDY DESIGN A total of 77,345 subjects were included in this prospective birth cohort study. The association between MBW and HDP was investigated by a multinomial logistic regression model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Early-onset HDP (EO-HDP), preterm late-onset HDP (preterm LO-HDP), and term late-onset HDP (term LO-HDP). RESULTS Lower MBW was associated with higher odds of preterm and term LO-HDP (p-values for trend < 0.0001 and = 0.0005, respectively). A linear association between MBW and EO-HDP was observed (p-values for trend = 0.0496). The shape of the association between MBW and preterm LO-HDP was a combination of the associations between MBW with EO-HDP or LO-HDP. The effect size of the association between MBW < 2,500 g and EO-HDP was lower than that of MBW < 2,500 g with preterm or term LO-HDP. The adjusted odds ratios for EO-HDP, preterm LO-HDP, and term LO-HDP in subjects with MBW < 2,500 g were 1.052 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.665-1.664), 1.745 (95 % CI: 1.220-2.496), and 1.496 (95 % CI: 1.154-1.939), respectively. CONCLUSIONS MBW was associated with HDP, regardless of gestational age when HDP developed. Furthermore, the association of MBW < 2,500 g with preterm or term LO-HDP was stronger than that with EO-HDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Tagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Iwama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan; Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8573, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hasumi Tomita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rie Kudo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kumagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoto Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Seiya Izumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kasumi Sakurai
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Zen Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mami Ishikuro
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8573, Miyagi, Japan; Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Taku Obara
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8573, Miyagi, Japan; Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hoshiai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirohito Metoki
- Division of Public Health, Hygiene and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Sendai 983-8536, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Maternal and Fetal Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junichi Sugawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan; Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8573, Miyagi, Japan; Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8572, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan; Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryomachi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Poasakate A, Ruvira-Hernando S, Gutierrez-Arzapalo PY, Böger R, Hannemann J, Lüneburg N, Arribas SM. Vascular nitrosative stress in hypertension induced by fetal undernutrition in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:555-568. [PMID: 36821073 PMCID: PMC10338582 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Fetal undernutrition predisposes to hypertension development. Since nitric oxide (NO) is a key factor in blood pressure control, we aimed to investigate the role of NO alterations in hypertension induced by fetal undernutrition in rats. Male and female offspring from dams exposed to undernutrition during the second half of gestation (MUN) were studied at 21 days (normotensive) and 6 months of age (hypertension developed only in males). In aorta, we analyzed total and phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS, p-eNOS), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and Nrf2 (Western blot). In plasma we assessed L-arginine, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, SDMA; LC-MS/MS), nitrates (NOx, Griess reaction), carbonyl groups, and lipid peroxidation (spectrophotometry). In iliac arteries, we studied superoxide anion production (DHE staining, confocal microscopy) and vasodilatation to acetylcholine (isometric tension). Twenty-one-day-old MUN offspring did not show alterations in vascular e-NOS or 3NT expression, plasma L-Arg/ADMA ratio, or NOx. Compared to control group, 6-month-old MUN rats showed increased aortic expression of p-eNOS/eNOS and 3-NT, being Nrf2 expression lower, elevated plasma L-arginine/ADMA, NOx and carbonyl levels, increased iliac artery DHE staining and reduced acetylcholine-mediated relaxations. These alterations in MUN rats were sex-dependent, affecting males. However, females showed some signs of endothelial dysfunction. We conclude that increased NO production in the context of a pro-oxidative environment, leads to vascular nitrosative damage and dysfunction, which can participate in hypertension development in MUN males. Females show a better adaptation, but signs of endothelial dysfunction, which can explain hypertension in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) multidisciplinary research group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anuson Poasakate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Santiago Ruvira-Hernando
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) multidisciplinary research group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- PhD student at Pharmacology and Physiology PhD Program, Doctorate School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Perla Y Gutierrez-Arzapalo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Present address: Centro de Investigación y Docencia en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDOCS), Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Rainer Böger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Hannemann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Lüneburg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvia M Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) multidisciplinary research group, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Elevated Vascular Sympathetic Neurotransmission and Remodelling Is a Common Feature in a Rat Model of Foetal Programming of Hypertension and SHR. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081902. [PMID: 36009448 PMCID: PMC9405620 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is of unknown aetiology, with sympathetic nervous system hyperactivation being one of the possible contributors. Hypertension may have a developmental origin, owing to the exposure to adverse factors during the intrauterine period. Our hypothesis is that sympathetic hyperinnervation may be implicated in hypertension of developmental origins, being this is a common feature with essential hypertension. Two-animal models were used: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-model of essential hypertension) and offspring from dams exposed to undernutrition (MUN-model of developmental hypertension), with their respective controls. In adult males, we assessed systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), sympathetic nerve function (3H-tritium release), sympathetic innervation (immunohistochemistry) and vascular remodelling (histology). MUN showed higher SBP/DBP, but not HR, while SHR exhibited higher SBP/DBP/HR. Regarding the mesenteric arteries, MUN and SHR showed reduced lumen, increased media and adventitial thickness and increased wall/lumen and connective tissue compared to respective controls. Regarding sympathetic nerve activation, MUN and SHR showed higher tritium release compared to controls. Total tritium tissue/tyrosine hydroxylase detection was higher in SHR and MUN adventitia arteries compared to respective controls. In conclusion, sympathetic hyperinnervation may be one of the contributors to vascular remodelling and hypertension in rats exposed to undernutrition during intrauterine life, which is a common feature with spontaneous hypertension.
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Ragusky K, Phuthong S, Ruvira S, Ramiro-Cortijo D, Cañas S, Rebollo-Hernanz M, Morales MD, López de Pablo ÁL, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Arribas SM. Vasoactive Properties of a Cocoa Shell Extract: Mechanism of Action and Effect on Endothelial Dysfunction in Aged Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020429. [PMID: 35204310 PMCID: PMC8869230 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa has cardiovascular beneficial effects related to its content of antioxidant phytochemicals. Cocoa manufacturing produces large amounts of waste, but some by-products may be used as ingredients with health-promoting potential. We aimed to investigate the vasoactive actions of an extract from cocoa shell (CSE), a by-product containing theobromine (TH), caffeine (CAF) and protocatechuic acid (PCA) as major phytochemicals. In carotid and iliac arteries from 5-month and 15-month-old rats, we investigated CSE vasoactive properties, mechanism of action, and the capacity of CSE, TH, CAF and PCA to improve age-induced endothelial dysfunction. Vascular function was evaluated using isometric tension recording and superoxide anion production by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and confocal microscopy. CSE caused endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, blocked by L-NAME, but not indomethacin, regardless of sex, age, or vessel type. CSE maximal responses and EC50 were significantly lower compared to acetylcholine (ACh). Arterial preincubation with CSE, TH, CAF or PCA, significantly reduced the number of vascular DHE-positive cells. Compared to adult males, iliac arteries from aged males exhibited reduced ACh concentration-dependent vasodilatation but larger CSE responses. In iliac arteries from aged male and female rats, preincubation with 10−4 M CSE and PCA, but not TH or CAF, improved ACh-relaxations. In conclusion, CSE has vasodilatory properties associated with increased nitric oxide bioavailability, related to its antioxidant phytochemicals, being particularly relevant PCA. Therefore, CSE is a potential food ingredient for diseases related to endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (K.R.); (S.R.); (D.R.-C.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
| | - Kendal Ragusky
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (K.R.); (S.R.); (D.R.-C.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
| | - Sophida Phuthong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Santiago Ruvira
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (K.R.); (S.R.); (D.R.-C.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- PhD Programme in Pharmacology and Physiology, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (K.R.); (S.R.); (D.R.-C.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
| | - Silvia Cañas
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Morales
- Confocal Microscopy Service (SiDI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ángel L. López de Pablo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (K.R.); (S.R.); (D.R.-C.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
| | - María A. Martín-Cabrejas
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia M. Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (K.R.); (S.R.); (D.R.-C.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
- Food, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health (FOSCH) Multidisciplinary Research Team, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.R.-H.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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