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Monteiro FL, Stepanauskaite L, Archer A, Williams C. Estrogen receptor beta expression and role in cancers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 242:106526. [PMID: 38657699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen drives the growth of some cancers, such as breast cancer, via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Estrogen also activates ERβ, but whether ERβ is expressed and has a role in different cancers is debated. The use of nonspecific antibodies has contributed to the confusion, and this review delves into ERβ's controversial role in cancer and focuses on tumor expression that can be supported by non-antibody-dependent assays. We discuss its expression at the transcript level and focus on its potential role in lymphoma, granulosa cell tumors, testicular, and adrenal cancers, emphasizing recent findings and the complexities that necessitate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima L Monteiro
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna 171 21, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Lina Stepanauskaite
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna 171 21, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Amena Archer
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna 171 21, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Williams
- SciLifeLab, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna 171 21, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden.
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2
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Kaur K, Verma H, Gangwar P, Jangid K, Dhiman M, Kumar V, Jaitak V. Design, synthesis, in silico and biological evaluation of new indole based oxadiazole derivatives targeting estrogen receptor alpha. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107341. [PMID: 38593531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A series of new indole-oxadiazole derivatives was designed and synthesized to develop potential anti-breast cancer agents. The compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.78 to 19.74 μM against ER-positive human breast cancer (BC) cell lines T-47D and MCF-7. Among them, compounds (5a, 5c, 5e-5h, 5j-5o) displayed superior activity against ER-α dominant (ratio of ER-α/ER-β is 9/1) T-47D cells compared to the standard drug bazedoxifene (IC50 = 12.78 ± 0.92 μM). Compounds 5c and 5o exhibited remarkable anti-proliferative activity with IC50 values of 3.24 ± 0.46 and 1.72 ± 1.67 μM against T-47D cells, respectively. Further, compound 5o manifested 1589-fold higher ER-α binding affinity (213.4 pM) relative to bazedoxifene (339.2 nM) in a competitive ER-α binding assay, while compound 5c showed a binding affinity of 446.6 nM. The Western blot analysis proved that both compounds influenced the ER-α protein's expression, impeding its subsequent transactivation and signalling pathway within T-47D cells. Additionally, a molecular docking study suggests that compounds 5c and 5o bind in such a fashion that induces conformational changes in the protein, culminating in their antagonistic effect. Also, pharmacokinetic profiles showed that all compounds have drug-like properties. Further, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) analysis confirmed the stability, conformational behaviour, reactivity, and biological feasibility of compounds 5c and 5o. In conclusion, based on our findings, compounds 5c and 5o, which exhibit significant ER-α antagonistic activity, can act as potential lead compounds for developing anti-breast cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products. Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb) 151401, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb) 151401, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb) 151401, India
| | - Kailash Jangid
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb) 151401, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb) 151401, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb) 151401, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products. Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda (Pb) 151401, India.
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3
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Lizano M, Carrillo-García A, De La Cruz-Hernández E, Castro-Muñoz LJ, Contreras-Paredes A. Promising predictive molecular biomarkers for cervical cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:50. [PMID: 38606495 PMCID: PMC11090266 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) constitutes a serious public health problem. Vaccination and screening programs have notably reduced the incidence of CC worldwide by >80%; however, the mortality rate in low‑income countries remains high. The staging of CC is a determining factor in therapeutic strategies: The clinical management of early stages of CC includes surgery and/or radiotherapy, whereas radiotherapy and/or concurrent chemotherapy are the recommended therapeutic strategies for locally advanced CC. The histopathological characteristics of tumors can effectively serve as prognostic markers of radiotherapy response; however, the efficacy rate of radiotherapy may significantly differ among cancer patients. Failure of radiotherapy is commonly associated with a higher risk of recurrence, persistence and metastasis; therefore, radioresistance remains the most important and unresolved clinical problem. This condition highlights the importance of precision medicine in searching for possible predictive biomarkers to timely identify patients at risk of treatment response failure and provide tailored therapeutic strategies according to genetic and epigenetic characteristics. The present review aimed to summarize the evidence that supports the role of several proteins, methylation markers and non‑coding RNAs as potential predictive biomarkers for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Adela Carrillo-García
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Erick De La Cruz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas e Infecciosas, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur Cuarta Sección, Comalcalco City, Tabasco 86650, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Contreras-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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4
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Masand VH, Al-Hussain SA, Alzahrani AY, Al-Mutairi AA, Hussien RA, Samad A, Zaki MEA. Estrogen Receptor Alpha Binders for Hormone-Dependent Forms of Breast Cancer: e-QSAR and Molecular Docking Supported by X-ray Resolved Structures. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16759-16774. [PMID: 38617692 PMCID: PMC11007693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, a life-disturbing and lethal disease with a high global impact, causes significant economic, social, and health challenges. Breast cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells originating from breast tissues. Hormone-dependent forms of breast cancer, such as those influenced by estrogen, prompt the exploration of estrogen receptors as targets for potential therapeutic interventions. In this study, we conducted e-QSAR molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses on a diverse set of inhibitors targeting estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α). The e-QSAR model is based on a genetic algorithm combined with multilinear regression analysis. The newly developed model possesses a balance between predictive accuracy and mechanistic insights adhering to the OECD guidelines. The e-QSAR model pointed out that sp2-hybridized carbon and nitrogen atoms are important atoms governing binding profiles. In addition, a specific combination of H-bond donors and acceptors with carbon, nitrogen, and ring sulfur atoms also plays a crucial role. The results are supported by molecular docking, MD simulations, and X-ray-resolved structures. The novel results could be useful for future drug development for ER-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay H Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati 444 602, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Y Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania A Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 65799, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Alzahrani AA, Saleh RO, Latypova A, Bokov DO, Kareem AH, Talib HA, Hameed NM, Pramanik A, Alawadi A, Alsalamy A. Therapeutic significance of long noncoding RNAs in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3993. [PMID: 38532685 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
About 70% of cases of breast cancer are compromised by Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Through its regulation of several processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, Estrogen signaling plays a pivotal role in the genesis and progression of this particular kind of breast cancer. One of the best treatment strategies for treating Estrogen-positive breast cancer is blocking Estrogen signaling. However, patients' treatment failure is mainly caused by the emergence of resistance and metastases, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic targets. Numerous studies have shown long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to play a role in Estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. These lncRNAs interact with co-regulators and the Estrogen signaling cascade components, primarily due to Estrogen activation. Vimentin and E-cadherin are examples of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, and they regulate genes involved in cell cycle progression, such as Cyclins, to affect the growth, proliferation, and metastasis of Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, a few of these lncRNAs contribute to developing resistance to chemotherapy, making them more desirable targets for enhancing results. Thus, to shed light on the creation of fresh approaches for treating this cancer, this review attempts to compile recently conducted studies on the relationship between lncRNAs and the advancement of Estrogen-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | - Amaliya Latypova
- Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mishref Campus, Kuwait
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Hayder Abdullah Talib
- College of Agriculture, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Noora M Hameed
- Anesthesia techniques, Al-Nisour University College, Iraq
| | - Atreyi Pramanik
- Divison of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
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6
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Li Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Ye M, Wang H. [Deciphering cellular processes responding to lethality of 17 β-estradiol by quantitative phosphoproteomics]. Se Pu 2024; 42:333-344. [PMID: 38566422 PMCID: PMC10988567 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2023.04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
17β-Estradiol (E2), an important endocrine hormone in the mammalian body, participates in the regulation of the physiological functions of the reproductive system, mammary glands, bone, and cardiovascular system, among others. Paradoxically, despite the physiological actions of endogenous E2 (0.2-1.0 nmol/L), numerous clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that high-dose E2 treatment can cause tumor regression and exert pro-apoptotic actions in multiple cell types; however, the underlying mechanism remains undescribed. In particular, little information of the cellular processes responding to the lethality of E2 is available. In the present study, we attempted to characterize the cellular processes responding to high-dose (μmol/L) E2 treatment using quantitative phosphoproteomics to obtain a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of E2-induced cell death. First, the cell phenotype induced by high-dose E2 was determined by performing Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK8), cell cytotoxicity analysis by trypan blue staining, and microscopic imaging on HeLa cells treated with 1-10 μmol/L E2 or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 1-3 d. E2 inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Compared with the DMSO-treated HeLa cells, the cells treated with 5 μmol/L E2 for 2 d demonstrated >74% growth inhibition and approximately 50% cell death. Thus, these cells were used for quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis. Next, a solid-phase extraction (SPE)-based immobilized titanium ion affinity chromatography (Ti4+-IMAC) phosphopeptide-enrichment method coupled with data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based quantitative proteomics was employed for the in-depth screening of high-dose E2-regulated phosphorylation sites to investigate the intracellular processes responding to high-dose E2 treatment. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified over 10000 phosphorylation sites regulated by E2 and DMSO in HeLa cells. In comparison with the DMSO-treated cells, the cells treated with 5 μmol/L E2 showed 537 upregulated phosphorylation sites and 387 downregulated phosphorylation sites, with a threshold of p<0.01 and |log2(fold change)|≥1. A total of 924 phosphorylation sites on 599 proteins were significantly regulated by high-dose E2, and these sites were subjected to enrichment analysis. In addition, 453 differently regulated phosphorylation sites on 325 proteins were identified only in the E2- or DMSO-treated cell samples. These phosphorylation sites may be phosphorylated or dephosphorylated in response to high-dose E2 stimulation and were subjected to parallel enrichment analyses. Taken together, 1218 phosphorylation sites on 741 proteins were significantly regulated by high-dose E2 treatment. The functional phosphoproteins in these two groups were then analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to determine the biological processes in which they participate and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database. Consistent with the cell-phenotype data, cell cycle-related proteins were highly enriched in the two groups of E2-regulated phosphoproteins (p<0.05), indicating that high-dose E2 treatment can regulate cell proliferation. In addition, E2-regulated phosphoproteins were highly enriched in the cellular processes of ribosome biogenesis, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) processing/splicing (p<0.05), indicating that the activation of these processes may contribute to high-dose E2-induced cell death. These results further confirm that high-dose E2 treatment inhibits protein translation and induces cell death. Furthermore, the significant upregulation of multiple phosphorylation sites associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MAPK1, MAPK4, and MAPK14 by high-dose E2 indicates that the EGFR and MAPK signaling pathways are likely involved in the regulation of E2-induced cell death. These phosphorylation sites likely play vital roles in E2-induced cell death in HeLa cells. Overall, our phosphoproteomic data could be a valuable resource for uncovering the regulatory mechanisms of E2 in the micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- 1. School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- 3. CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- 3. CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 3. CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- 3. CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- 3. CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- 1. School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Yan J, Zhou L, Liu M, Zhu H, Zhang X, Cai E, Xu X, Chen T, Cheng H, Liu J, Wang S, Dai L, Chang X, Tang F. Single-cell analysis reveals insights into epithelial abnormalities in ovarian endometriosis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113716. [PMID: 38412094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue within the ovary, causing infertility and chronic pain. However, its pathophysiology remains unclear. Utilizing high-precision single-cell RNA sequencing, we profile the normal, eutopic, and ectopic endometrium from 34 individuals across proliferative and secretory phases. We observe an increased proportion of ciliated cells in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium, characterized by a diminished expression of estrogen sulfotransferase, which likely confers apoptosis resistance. After translocating to ectopic lesions, endometrial epithelium upregulates nicotinamide N-methyltransferase expression that inhibits apoptosis by promoting deacetylation and subsequent nuclear exclusion of transcription factor forkhead box protein O1, thereby leading to the downregulation of the apoptotic gene BIM. Moreover, epithelial cells in ectopic lesions elevate HLA class II complex expression, which stimulates CD4+ T cells and consequently contributes to chronic inflammation. Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive atlas of ovarian endometriosis and highlights potential therapeutic targets for modulating apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mengya Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Honglan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - E Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xueqiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tinghan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jun'e Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaohong Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Fuchou Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China.
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Pilutin A, Rzeszotek S, Wilk A, Klimaszewska K, Łukasiewicz J, Mafuta RL, Nagendran T, Ndambara R, Wiszniewska B. Effects of Letrozole Treatment and Vitamin C Supplementation on Morphology, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Programmed Cell Death, and Oxidative Stress in the Small Intestine of Adult Male Rats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1943-1954. [PMID: 38534743 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are hormones that play an important role in the digestive tract, including in men. Letrozole is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 aromatase, an enzyme converting androgens to estrogens. The use of letrozole may cause oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cells. Factors modulating cellular stress may include vitamin C. The purpose of this study was to examine whether letrozole and/or vitamin C supplementation can affect the morphology of the small intestine, the parameters of endoplasmic reticulum stress, programmed cell death markers, and oxidative damage. Three-month-old male rats were divided into four groups and treated with the following: (I) CTRL-water; (II) CTRL+C-L-ascorbic acid; (III) LET-letrozole; and (IV) LET+C-letrozole + L-ascorbic acid. The morphometrical measurements included epithelial thickness, crypt and lumen area, crypt perimeter, nuclei number in the crypt, and the cell size of crypts. The expression levels of PERK, caspase-3, and catalase were determined. Significant differences in the morphometrical measurements and immunoexpression were observed. This may indicate that chronic treatment with letrozole can affect morphology and induce ER stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death in the epithelial cells of the small intestine of adult male rats. Vitamin C supplementation exerts an effect on some parameters of the molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pilutin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Rzeszotek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wilk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudia Klimaszewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Julia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rufaro Lynnette Mafuta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Thanushan Nagendran
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rupia Ndambara
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Yoo MJ, Jang YJ, Park SY, Choi JW, Seol JW. Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects of ERB-041 and Genistein through Estrogen Receptor Suppression-Mediated PI3K/AKT Pathway Downregulation in Canine Mammary Gland Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2466. [PMID: 38473712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine-mammary-gland tumors (CMTs) are prevalent in female dogs, with approximately 50% of them being malignant and often presenting as inoperable owing to their size or metastasis. Owing to poor outcomes, effective alternatives to conventional chemotherapy for humans are necessary. Two estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), which act in opposition to each other, are involved, and CMT growth involves ERα through the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT pathway. In this study, we aimed to identify the synergistic anti-cancer effects of ERB-041, an ERβ agonist, and genistein, an isoflavonoid from soybeans known to have ERβ-specific pseudo-estrogenic actions, on CMT-U27 and CF41.Mg CMT cell lines. ERB-041 and genistein synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and increased the number of annexin V-positive cells in both cell lines. Furthermore, we observed a synergistic increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Additionally, cell-cycle arrest occurred through the synergistic regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). We also found a synergistic decrease in the expression of ERα, and the expression of proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT pathway, including p-PI3K, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), AKT, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In conclusion, ERB-041 and genistein exhibited a synergistic anticancer effect on CMTs, suggesting that cotreatment with ERB-041 and genistein is a promising treatment for CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jae Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youel Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Wun Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Seol
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Fu J, Xie X, Yao H, Xiao H, Li Z, Wang Z, Ju R, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Zhang N. The Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Malignancies via Regulatory Cell Death Pathways and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: A Review of Recent Advances. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:137-160. [PMID: 38328830 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2450006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has achieved high clinical efficacy in treating malignancies in recent years and is thus gradually becoming an important therapy for patients with advanced tumor for its benefits in reducing side effects and improving patients' immune status. However, it has not been internationally recognized for cancer treatment because TCM's anti-tumor mechanism is not fully elucidated, limiting its clinical application and international promotion. This review traced the mechanism of the TCM-mediated tumor cell death pathway and its effect on remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment, its direct impact on the microenvironment, its anti-tumor effect in combination with immunotherapy, and the current status of clinical application of TCM on tumor treatment. TCM can induce tumor cell death in many regulatory cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. In addition, TCM-induced cell death could increase the immune cells' infiltration with an anti-tumor effect in the tumor tissue and elevate the proportion of these cells in the spleen or peripheral blood, enhancing the anti-tumor capacity of the tumor-bearing host. Moreover, TCM can directly affect immune function by increasing the population or activating the sub-type immune cells with an anti-tumor role. It was concluded that TCM could induce a pan-tumor death modality, remodeling the local TIME differently. It can also improve the systemic immune status of tumor-bearing hosts. This review aims to establish a theoretical basis for the clinical application of TCM in tumor treatment and to provide a reference for TCM's potential in combination with immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Fu
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xian yang 712046, P. R. China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical College Nanyang 473000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xian yang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Yao
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Haijuan Xiao
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xian yang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoqun Li
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhi Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xian yang 712046, P. R. China
| | - Ran Ju
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710061, P. R. China
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11
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Zaluzec EK, Sempere LF. Systemic and Local Strategies for Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:248. [PMID: 38254741 PMCID: PMC10814018 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
One in eight women will develop breast cancer in the US. For women with moderate (15-20%) to average (12.5%) risk of breast cancer, there are few options available for risk reduction. For high-risk (>20%) women, such as BRCA mutation carriers, primary prevention strategies are limited to evidence-based surgical removal of breasts and/or ovaries and anti-estrogen treatment. Despite their effectiveness in risk reduction, not many high-risk individuals opt for surgical or hormonal interventions due to severe side effects and potentially life-changing outcomes as key deterrents. Thus, better communication about the benefits of existing strategies and the development of new strategies with minimal side effects are needed to offer women adequate risk-reducing interventions. We extensively review and discuss innovative investigational strategies for primary prevention. Most of these investigational strategies are at the pre-clinical stage, but some are already being evaluated in clinical trials and others are expected to lead to first-in-human clinical trials within 5 years. Likely, these strategies would be initially tested in high-risk individuals but may be applicable to lower-risk women, if shown to decrease risk at a similar rate to existing strategies, but with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Zaluzec
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lorenzo F. Sempere
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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12
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Johnson L, Sarosiek KA. Role of intrinsic apoptosis in environmental exposure health outcomes. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:56-73. [PMID: 38057226 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures are linked to diseases of high public health concern, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmunity. These diseases are caused by excessive or insufficient cell death, prompting investigation of mechanistic links between environmental toxicants and dysregulation of cell death pathways, including apoptosis. This review describes how legacy and emerging environmental exposures target the intrinsic apoptosis pathway to potentially drive pathogenesis. Recent discoveries reveal that dynamic regulation of apoptosis may heighten the vulnerability of healthy tissues to exposures in children, and that apoptotic signaling can guide immune responses, tissue repair, and tumorigenesis. Understanding how environmental toxicants dysregulate apoptosis will uncover opportunities to deploy apoptosis-modulating agents for the treatment or prevention of exposure-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissah Johnson
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Szukiewicz D. Insight into the Potential Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption by Dietary Phytoestrogens in the Context of the Etiopathogenesis of Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12195. [PMID: 37569571 PMCID: PMC10418522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (PEs) are estrogen-like nonsteroidal compounds derived from plants (e.g., nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables) and fungi that are structurally similar to 17β-estradiol. PEs bind to all types of estrogen receptors, including ERα and ERβ receptors, nuclear receptors, and a membrane-bound estrogen receptor known as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). As endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with pro- or antiestrogenic properties, PEs can potentially disrupt the hormonal regulation of homeostasis, resulting in developmental and reproductive abnormalities. However, a lack of PEs in the diet does not result in the development of deficiency symptoms. To properly assess the benefits and risks associated with the use of a PE-rich diet, it is necessary to distinguish between endocrine disruption (endocrine-mediated adverse effects) and nonspecific effects on the endocrine system. Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease of unknown etiopathogenesis, in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside of the uterus with subsequent complications being manifested as a result of local inflammatory reactions. Endometriosis affects 10-15% of women of reproductive age and is associated with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility. In this review, the endocrine-disruptive actions of PEs are reviewed in the context of endometriosis to determine whether a PE-rich diet has a positive or negative effect on the risk and course of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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Yang R, Duan C, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Prolactin Regulates Ovine Ovarian Granulosa Cell Apoptosis by Affecting the Expression of MAPK12 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10269. [PMID: 37373417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has been reported to influence reproductive performance and cell apoptosis. However, its mechanism remains unclear. Hence, in the present study, ovine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were used as a cell model to investigate the relationship between PRL concentration and GC apoptosis, as well as its possible mechanisms. We examined the relationship between serum PRL concentration and follicle counts in sexually mature ewes. GCs were isolated from adult ewes and treated with different concentrations of PRL, while 500 ng/mL PRL was selected as the high concentration of prolactin (HPC). Then, we applied the transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) combined with a gene editing approach to explore the HPC contributing to cell apoptosis and steroid hormones. The apoptosis of GCs gradually increased at PRL concentrations above 20 ng/mL, while 500 ng/mL PRL significantly decreased the secretion of steroid hormones and the expression of L-PRLR and S-PRLR. The results indicated that PRL regulates GC development and steroid hormones mainly through the target gene MAPK12. The expression of MAPK12 was increased after knocked-down L-PRLR and S-PRLR, while it decreased after overexpressed L-PRLR and S-PRLR. Cell apoptosis was inhibited and the secretion of steroid hormones increased after interfering with MAPK12, while the overexpression of MAPK12 showed the opposite trend. Overall, the number of follicles gradually decreased with increasing PRL concentration. HPCs promoted apoptosis and inhibited steroid hormone secretion in GCs by upregulating MAPK12 through reducing L-PRLR and S-PRLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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Lai PH, Chen W, Hsu CY, Wang JH, Ding DC. Women consuming oral contraceptives containing cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol show a higher risk of thyroid cancer than nonusers. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34074. [PMID: 37327266 PMCID: PMC10270523 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored whether the risk of thyroid cancer in Asian women is associated with consumption of oral contraceptives (Diane-35). We conducted a population-based, retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. From the database, 9865 women aged 18 to 65 years who were prescribed Diane-35 between 2000 and 2012 were included in the Diane-35 group, and 39,460 women who were not prescribed Diane-35 were included in the comparison group and were frequency-matched by age and index year. Both groups were followed until 2013 to calculate the incidence of thyroid cancer. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard model. The median (standard deviation) follow-up duration was 7.08 (3.63) and 7.04 (3.64) years in the Diane-35 and the comparison group, respectively. The incidence of thyroid cancer was 1.80-fold higher in the Diane-35 group than in the comparison group (2.72 vs 1.51 per 10,000 person-years). The cumulative incidence of thyroid cancer was significantly higher in the Diane-35 group than in the comparison group (log-rank test, P = .03). An elevated hazard ratio of thyroid cancer was observed in the Diane-35 group than in the comparison group (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.10-3.30). In subgroup analysis, patients aged 30 to 39 years showed a higher hazard ratio of developing thyroid cancer after consuming Diane-35 than those in the comparison group (HR: 5.58, 95% CI: 1.84-16.91). The study provides evidence that women aged 30 to 39 years consuming Diane-35 are at increased risk of thyroid cancer. Nevertheless, a larger population with a longer follow-up may be necessary to confirm causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Weishan Chen
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung Y. Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Ching Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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16
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Liang X, Du L, Fan Y. The potential of FCRL genes as targets for cancer treatment: insights from bioinformatics and immunology. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:204766. [PMID: 37285836 PMCID: PMC10292877 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a prevalent and dangerous disease that requires a multifaceted approach to treatment. The FCRL family gene has been linked to immune function and tumor progression. Bioinformatics may help unravel their role in cancer treatment. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the FCRL family genes in pan-cancer using publicly available databases and online tools. Specifically, we examined gene expression, prognostic significance, mutation profiles, drug resistance, as well as biological and immunomodulatory roles. Our data were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression, cBioPortal, STRING, GSCALite, Cytoscape, and R software. The expression of FCRL genes varies significantly across different tumor types and normal tissues. While high expression of most FCRL genes is associated with a protective effect in many cancers, FCRLB appears to be a risk factor in several types of cancer. Alterations in FCRL family genes, particularly through amplification and mutation, are common in cancers. These genes are closely linked to classical cancer pathways such as apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), estrogen receptor (ER) signaling, and DNA damage response. Enrichment analysis indicates that FCRL family genes are predominantly associated with immune cell activation and differentiation. Immunological assays demonstrate a strong positive correlation between FCRL family genes and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), immunostimulators, and immunoinhibitors. Furthermore, FCRL family genes can enhance the sensitivity of various anticancer drugs. The FCRL family genes are vital in cancer pathogenesis and progression. Targeting these genes in conjunction with immunotherapy could enhance cancer treatment efficacy. Further research is required to determine their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuchao Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Sabry R, Williams M, LaMarre J, Favetta LA. Granulosa cells undergo BPA-induced apoptosis in a miR-21-independent manner. Exp Cell Res 2023; 427:113574. [PMID: 37004947 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a harmful endocrine disrupting compound that alters not only classical cellular mechanisms but also epigenetic mechanisms. Evidence suggests that BPA-induced changes in microRNA expression can explain, in part, the changes observed at both the molecular and cellular levels. BPA is toxic to granulosa cells (GCs) as it can activate apoptosis, which is known to contribute to increased follicular atresia. miR-21 is a crucial antiapoptotic regulator in GCs, yet the exact function in a BPA toxicity model remains unclear. BPA was found to induce bovine GC apoptosis through the activation of several intrinsic factors. BPA reduced live cells counts, increased late apoptosis/necrosis, increased apoptotic transcripts (BAX, BAD, BCL-2, CASP-9, HSP70), increased the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio and HSP70 at the protein level, and induced caspase-9 activity at 12 h post-exposure. miR-21 inhibition increased early apoptosis and, while it did not influence transcript levels or caspase-9 activity, it did elevate the BAX/Bcl-2 protein ratio and HSP70 in the same manner as BPA. Overall, this study shows that miR-21 plays a molecular role in regulating intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis; however, miR-21 inhibition did not make the cells more sensitive to BPA. Therefore, apoptosis induced by BPA in bovine GCs is miR-21 independent.
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Pejčić T, Todorović Z, Đurašević S, Popović L. Mechanisms of Prostate Cancer Cells Survival and Their Therapeutic Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032939. [PMID: 36769263 PMCID: PMC9917912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is today the second most common cancer in the world, with almost 400,000 deaths annually. Multiple factors are involved in the etiology of PCa, such as older age, genetic mutations, ethnicity, diet, or inflammation. Modern treatment of PCa involves radical surgical treatment or radiation therapy in the stages when the tumor is limited to the prostate. When metastases develop, the standard procedure is androgen deprivation therapy, which aims to reduce the level of circulating testosterone, which is achieved by surgical or medical castration. However, when the level of testosterone decreases to the castration level, the tumor cells adapt to the new conditions through different mechanisms, which enable their unhindered growth and survival, despite the therapy. New knowledge about the biology of the so-called of castration-resistant PCa and the way it adapts to therapy will enable the development of new drugs, whose goal is to prolong the survival of patients with this stage of the disease, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Pejčić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-641281844
| | - Zoran Todorović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Popović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Medical Oncology Department, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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The Involvement of Natural Polyphenols in Molecular Mechanisms Inducing Apoptosis in Tumor Cells: A Promising Adjuvant in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021680. [PMID: 36675194 PMCID: PMC9863215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various literature data show how a diet rich in vegetables could reduce the incidence of several cancers due to the contribution of the natural polyphenols contained in them. Polyphenols are attributed multiple pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antibiotic, antiseptic, anti-allergic, cardioprotective and even anti-tumor properties. The multiple mechanisms involved in their anti-tumor action include signaling pathways modulation associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, metastasis and cell death. Since the dysregulation of death processes is involved in cancer etiopathology, the natural compounds able to kill cancer cells could be used as new anticancer agents. Apoptosis, a programmed form of cell death, is the most potent defense against cancer and the main mechanism used by both chemotherapy agents and polyphenols. The aim of this review is to provide an update of literature data on the apoptotic molecular mechanisms induced by some representative polyphenol family members in cancer cells. This aspect is particularly important because it may be useful in the design of new therapeutic strategies against cancer involving the polyphenols as adjuvants.
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Boszkiewicz K, Moreira H, Sawicka E, Szyjka A, Piwowar A. The Effect of Metalloestrogens on the Effectiveness of Aromatase Inhibitors in a Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Cell Model. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020457. [PMID: 36672406 PMCID: PMC9856755 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) play an important role in the increased incidence of breast cancer (BC). There are some 160 xenoestrogens that may be involved in the development of BC. Much less is known about the influence of xenoestrogens on the effectiveness of the treatment of BC. The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction of metalloestrogens (aluminum and chromium (III)) and drugs used in the treatment of hormone-dependent BC-aromatase inhibitors (AI)-letrozole and exemestane. A cell viability assay, a flow cytometer analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle phases, and protein activity of BAX and Bcl-2 were performed on two human breast cancer cell lines-MCF-7 and MCF-7/DOX. In MCF-7 cells, the lower concentration of exemestane and higher of letrozole, in combination with metalloestrogens, results in a decrease in the effectiveness of drugs. Additionally, in the MCF-7/DOX cell line, we observed that the combination of metalloestrogens and AI leads to a decrease in the drug's effectiveness due to an increase in the viability of breast cancer cells (both concentrations of letrozole and higher concentration of exemestane). In both cell lines, the reduction in the effectiveness of AI, in combination with metalloestrogens, is not related to the influence on the cell cycle. Our results confirm that exposure to metalloestrogens may negatively affect the effectiveness of hormone therapy with AI. Further studies are needed to fully explain the mechanism of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Boszkiewicz
- Department of Toxicology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Helena Moreira
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sawicka
- Department of Toxicology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szyjka
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Alshamari AK. Design and Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3-Triazole Levonorgestrel Derivatives via Click Chemistry. Anticancer Activity and Molecular Docking. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042802212017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Nasiri-Ansari N, Spilioti E, Kyrou I, Kalotychou V, Chatzigeorgiou A, Sanoudou D, Dahlman-Wright K, Randeva HS, Papavassiliou AG, Moutsatsou P, Kassi E. Estrogen Receptor Subtypes Elicit a Distinct Gene Expression Profile of Endothelial-Derived Factors Implicated in Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810960. [PMID: 36142876 PMCID: PMC9506323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of established atherosclerosis, estrogens are potentially harmful. MMP-2 and MMP-9, their inhibitors (TIMP-2 and TIMP-1), RANK, RANKL, OPG, MCP-1, lysyl oxidase (LOX), PDGF-β, and ADAMTS-4 play critical roles in plaque instability/rupture. We aimed to investigate (i) the effect of estradiol on the expression of the abovementioned molecules in endothelial cells, (ii) which type(s) of estrogen receptors mediate these effects, and (iii) the role of p21 in the estrogen-mediated regulation of the aforementioned factors. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were cultured with estradiol in the presence or absence of TNF-α. The expression of the aforementioned molecules was assessed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Zymography was also performed. The experiments were repeated in either ERα- or ERβ-transfected HAECs and after silencing p21. HAECs expressed only the GPR-30 estrogen receptor. Estradiol, at low concentrations, decreased MMP-2 activity by 15-fold, increased LOX expression by 2-fold via GPR-30, and reduced MCP-1 expression by 3.5-fold via ERβ. The overexpression of ERα increased MCP-1 mRNA expression by 2.5-fold. In a low-grade inflammation state, lower concentrations of estradiol induced the mRNA expression of MCP-1 (3.4-fold) and MMP-9 (7.5-fold) and increased the activity of MMP-2 (1.7-fold) via GPR-30. Moreover, p21 silencing resulted in equivocal effects on the expression of the abovementioned molecules. Estradiol induced different effects regarding atherogenic plaque instability through different ERs. The balance of the expression of the various ER subtypes may play an important role in the paradoxical characterization of estrogens as both beneficial and harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eliana Spilioti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides’ Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Vassiliki Kalotychou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Karin Dahlman-Wright
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institute, SE-14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-21-0746-2699; Fax: +30-21-0746-2703
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Yang N, Yang C, Tan T, Wang Q, Lei X. Histology study and transcriptome analysis of the testis of Loach(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in response to phenanthrene exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113950. [PMID: 35999765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthrene (PHE) is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs) in the aquatic environment. The loaches were exposed at concentrations of 0.30、1.00、3.00 mg L-1 for 60 days. The effects of PHE on the testis development were evaluated by calculating the survival rate, observing the structure of testis and analyzing transcriptome. Firstly, PHE markedly decreased the survival rate in a dose-dependent manner. Then, the number and density of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were substantially reduced under PHE exposure. The space in the seminiferous tubule obviously increased in the high PHE concentration group. Meanwhile, transcriptome comparative analysis identified 5329 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 2928 up-regulated and 2401 down-regulated in the testis of loach exposed PHE for 60 days. Meiotic cell cycle, arganelle fission, ATPase activity and adenylate nucleotide binding were significantly differences by GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis revealed that TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) signaling pathway, CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules), cytochrome P450 and lipid metabolism were markedly regulated. In addition, eight DEGs were randomly selected from the testis transcriptomics results for qPCR verification, the results were consistent with RNA-Seq. Finally, related genes (piwil2, dmc1, vasa, ubr2, dnd, rnf17, plcb2, c-fos, gpx4) of testis development were further confirmed and they were differentially regulated after PHE exposure. In summary, a survey of the mechanism of loach testis response to PHE was performed, and a large number of gene expression levels regarding metabolism, spermatogenesis and immunity genes were acquired from RNA-seq. This study provide informations for elucidating the molecular mechanism of PHE affected the testis development of loach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Chaochao Yang
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Ting Tan
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Xin Lei
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
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Abderrahman B, Jordan VC. Estrogen for the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer: A Tale of 2 Karnofsky Lectures. Cancer J 2022; 28:163-168. [PMID: 35594462 PMCID: PMC9179096 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In 1971, Sir Alexander Haddow et al. delivered the inaugural David A. Karnofsky lecture at the American Society for Clinical Oncology. This award was designated American Society for Clinical Oncology's highest, as he had used translational research to identify the first clinical therapy, that is, synthetic estrogens to treat breast cancer. His lecture was entitled "Thoughts on Chemical Therapy." For 40 years, high-dose synthetic estrogens were used as palliative therapy, for some advanced breast cancer patients 5 years following menopause. Mechanisms were unknown. Tamoxifen, a failed "morning-after pill," is an antiestrogen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, which was subsequently used to treat all stages of breast cancer and to prevent breast cancer. In 2008, Jordan was selected to present the 38th Karnofsky lecture entitled: "The Paradoxical Action of Estrogen in Breast Cancer-Survival or Death?" Unexpectedly, through a study of acquired resistance to long-term tamoxifen therapy, estrogen-induced apoptosis in long-term estrogen-deprived breast cancer was deciphered in Jordan's laboratory. These data and the biological rules established under laboratory conditions provided molecular mechanisms to aid in the interpretation of the Women's Health initiative in the United States and the Million Women Study in the United Kingdom. In addition, by establishing laboratory models to understand mechanisms of estrogen-induced apoptosis, new estrogen derivatives were successfully evaluated in the laboratory and tested as candidates for women after the therapeutic failure of antiestrogenic strategies to treat breast cancer. For the future, the knowledge obtained about estrogen-induced apoptosis in cancer holds the promise of discovering new therapies to control or cure cancer in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkees Abderrahman
- From the Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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The Employment of Genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara Polyphenols for the Reduction of Selected Anti-Cancer Drug Side Effects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081574. [PMID: 35458136 PMCID: PMC9025632 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases globally and one of the leading causes of death. Known cancer treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted hormonal therapy, or a combination of these methods. Antitumor drugs, with different mechanisms, interfere with cancer growth by destroying cancer cells. However, anticancer drugs are dangerous, as they significantly affect both cancer cells and healthy cells. In addition, there may be the onset of systemic side effects perceived and mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and further carcinogenicity. Many polyphenolic extracts, taken on top of common anti-tumor drugs, can participate in the anti-proliferative effect of drugs and significantly reduce the side effects developed. This review aims to discuss the current scientific knowledge of the protective effects of polyphenols of the genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara on the side effects induced by four known chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, and Paclitaxel. In particular, the summarized data will help to understand whether polyphenols can be used as adjuvants in cancer therapy, although further clinical trials will provide crucial information.
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