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Staes I, Bäcker LE, Simoens K, De Winter K, Marolt G, Cenens W, Wolput S, Vazquez AR, Goos P, Lavigne R, Bernaerts K, Aertsen A. Superinfection exclusion factors drive a history-dependent switch from vertical to horizontal phage transmission. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110804. [PMID: 35545039 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate bacterial viruses are commonly thought to favor vertical (lysogenic) transmission over horizontal (lytic) transmission when the virion-to-host-cell ratio is high and available host cells become scarce. In P22-infected Salmonella Typhimurium populations, however, we find that host subpopulations become lytically consumed despite high phage-to-host ratios that would normally favor lysogeny. These subpopulations originate from the proliferation of P22-free siblings that spawn off from P22-carrier cells from which they cytoplasmically inherit P22-borne superinfection exclusion factors (SEFs). In fact, we demonstrate that the gradual dilution of these SEFs in the growing subpopulation of P22-free siblings restricts the number of incoming phages, thereby imposing the perception of a low phage-to-host ratio that favors lytic development. Although their role has so far been neglected, our data indicate that phage-borne SEFs can spur complex infection dynamics and a history-dependent switch from vertical to horizontal transmission in the face of host-cell scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Staes
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 - bus 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonard E Bäcker
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 - bus 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Department of Chemical Engineering- (Bio)chemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kjerstin De Winter
- Department of Chemical Engineering- (Bio)chemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gasper Marolt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 - bus 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical Engineering- (Bio)chemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William Cenens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 - bus 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sanne Wolput
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 - bus 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan R Vazquez
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Goos
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Department of Chemical Engineering- (Bio)chemical Reactor Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abram Aertsen
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23 - bus 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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