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Gao P, Tan J, Peng X, Song Y, Qu M, Chen M. Expression Pattern of RpCSP6 from Rhopalosiphum padi and Its Binding Mechanism with Deltamethrin: Insights into Chemosensory Protein-Mediated Insecticide Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17847-17857. [PMID: 39088794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms of insecticide resistance are complex. Recent studies have revealed a novel mechanism involving the chemosensory system in insecticide resistance. However, the specific binding mechanism between olfactory-related genes and insecticides needs to be clarified. In this study, the binding mechanism between pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin and RpCSP6 from Rhopalosiphum padi was investigated by using computational and multiple experimental methods. RpCSP6 was expressed in different tissues and developmental stages of R. padi and can be induced by deltamethrin. Knockdown of RpCSP6 significantly increased the susceptibility of R. padi to deltamethrin. The binding affinity of RpCSP6 to 24 commonly used insecticides was measured. Seven key residues were found to steadily interact with deltamethrin, indicating their significance in the binding affinity to the insecticide. Our research provided insights for effectively analyzing the binding mechanism of insect CSPs with insecticides, facilitating the development of new and effective insecticides that target insect CSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junjie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingjing Qu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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2
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Pu J, Chung H. New and emerging mechanisms of insecticide resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101184. [PMID: 38458436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The continuous use of insecticides over the last eight decades has led to the development of resistance to these insecticides. Research in the last few decades showed that the mechanisms underlying resistance are diverse but can generally be classified under several modes of resistance such as target-site resistance, metabolic resistance, and penetration resistance. In this review, we highlight new discoveries in insecticide resistance research made over the past few years, including an emerging new mode of resistance, sequestration resistance, where the overexpression of olfactory proteins binds and sequesters insecticides in resistant strains, as well as recent research on how posttranscriptional regulation can impact resistance. Future research will determine the generality of these emerging mechanisms across insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pu
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Wang H, Zhao R, Gao J, Xiao X, Yin X, Hu S, Zhang Y, Liang P, Gu S. Two cuticle-enriched chemosensory proteins confer multi-insecticide resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130941. [PMID: 38521305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) both play essential roles in insect olfaction and insect resistance. However, functional evidence supporting the crosslink between CSP and insecticide resistance remains unexplored. In the present study, 22 SfruCSP transcripts were identified from the fall armyworm (FAW) and SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are enriched in the larval cuticle and could be induced by multiple insecticides. Both SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are highly expressed in the larval inner endocuticle and outer epicuticle, and these two proteins exhibited high binding affinities with three insecticides (chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos and indoxacarb). The knockdown of SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 increased the susceptibility of FAW larvae to the above three insecticides, and significantly increased the penetration ratios of these insecticides. Our in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that SfruCSP1 and SfruCSP2 are insecticide binding proteins and confer FAW larval resistance to chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos and indoxacarb by an insecticide sequestration mechanism. The study should aid in the exploration of larval cuticle-enriched CSPs for insect resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhui Yin
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyuan Hu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaohua Gu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Yan S, Tan M, Zhang A, Jiang D. The exposure risk of heavy metals to insect pests and their impact on pests occurrence and cross-tolerance to insecticides: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170274. [PMID: 38262537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution is a severe global environmental issue. HMs in the environment can transfer along the food chain, which aggravates their ecotoxicological effect and exposes the insects to heavy metal stress. In addition to their growth-toxic effects, HMs have been reported as abiotic environmental factors that influence the implementation of integrated pest management strategies, including microbial control, enemy insect control, and chemical control. This will bring new challenges to pest control and further highlight the ecotoxicological impact of HM pollution. In this review, the relationship between HM pollution and insecticide tolerance in pests was analyzed. Our focus is on the risks of HM exposure to pests, pests tolerance to insecticides under HM exposure, and the mechanisms underlying the effect of HM exposure on pests tolerance to insecticides. We infer that HM exposure, as an initial stressor, induces cross-tolerance in pests to subsequent insecticide stress. Additionally, the priming effect of HM exposure on enzymes associated with insecticide metabolism underlies cross-tolerance formation. This is a new interdisciplinary field between pollution ecology and pest control, with an important guidance value for optimizing pest control strategies in HM polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchun Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Mingtao Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Aoying Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Dun Jiang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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Gao P, Tan JJ, Su S, Wang SJ, Peng X, Chen MH. Overexpression of the Chemosensory Protein CSP7 Gene Contributed to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37922215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin is one of the most important pyrethroids used for controlling wheat aphids. Extensive spraying of lambda-cyhalothrin has led to the development of high resistance to this pyrethroid inRhopalosiphum padi. The mechanisms of resistance are complex and not fully understood. In this study, we found that a laboratory-selected strain of R. padi showed extremely high resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and cross-resistance to bifenthrin and deltamethrin. The expression level of RpCSP7 was significantly elevated in the resistant strain compared to that in the susceptible strain. Knockdown of RpCSP7 increased the susceptibility of R. padi to lambda-cyhalothrin, whereas the susceptibility to bifenthrin and deltamethrin was not significantly changed. The recombinant RpCSP7 displayed a high affinity for lambda-cyhalothrin but no affinities to bifenthrin and deltamethrin. These findings suggest that the overexpression of RpCSP7 contributes to the resistance of R. padi to lambda-cyhalothrin. This study provides valuable insights into CSP-mediated insecticide resistance in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Jie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sha Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Su-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mao-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Li Y, Ni S, Wang Y, Li R, Sun H, Ye X, Tian Z, Zhang Y, Liu J. The chemosensory protein 1 contributes to indoxacarb resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2456-2468. [PMID: 36809665 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance continuously poses a threat to agricultural production. Chemosensory protein-mediated resistance is a new mechanism of insecticide resistance discovered in recent years. In-depth research on resistance mediated by chemosensory proteins (CSPs) provides new insight into aid insecticide resistance management. RESULTS Chemosensory protein 1 in Plutella xylostella (PxCSP1) was overexpressed in the two indoxacarb-resistant field populations and PxCSP1 has a high affinity with indoxacarb. PxCSP1 was upregulated when exposed to indoxacarb and the knockdown of this gene elevated sensitivity to indoxacarb, which demonstrate that PxCSP1 is involved in the indoxacarb resistance. Considering that CSPs may confer resistance in insects via binding or sequestering, we explored the binding mechanism of indoxacarb in PxCSP1-mediated resistance. Using molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed mutation, we found that indoxacarb forms a solid complex with PxCSP1 mainly through van der Waals interactions and electrostatic interactions. Between these, the electrostatic interaction provided by the Lys100 side chain in PxCSP1, and especially the hydrogen bonding between the NZ atom and the O of the carbamoyl carbonyl group of indoxacarb, are the key factors for the high affinity of PxCSP1 to indoxacarb. CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of PxCPS1 and its high affinity to indoxacarb is partially responsible for indoxacarb resistance in P. xylostella. Modification of indoxacarb's carbamoyl group has the potential to alleviate indoxacarb resistance in P. xylostella. These findings will contribute to solving chemosensory protein-mediated indoxacarb resistance and provide a better understanding of the insecticide resistance mechanism. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shujun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yunping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruichi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Bass C, Nauen R. The molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in aphid crop pests. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 156:103937. [PMID: 37023831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are a group of hemipteran insects that include some of the world's most economically important agricultural pests. The control of pest aphids has relied heavily on the use of chemical insecticides, however, the evolution of resistance poses a serious threat to their sustainable control. Over 1000 cases of resistance have now been documented for aphids involving a remarkable diversity of mechanisms that, individually or in combination, allow the toxic effect of insecticides to be avoided or overcome. In addition to its applied importance as a growing threat to human food security, insecticide resistance in aphids also offers an exceptional opportunity to study evolution under strong selection and gain insight into the genetic variation fuelling rapid adaptation. In this review we summarise the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying resistance in the most economically important aphid pests worldwide and the insights study of this topic has provided on the genomic architecture of adaptive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bass
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom.
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, Monheim, Germany.
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Gao P, Zhang S, Tan J, Li X, Chen M. Chemosensory proteins are associated with thiamethoxam tolerance in bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105393. [PMID: 37105631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) is an important cosmopolitan pest of cereal crops. Thiamethoxam is widely used for control R. padi in some regions. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a class of transporter proteins in arthropods which play a key role in various physiological processes including response to insecticide exposure. However, the role of R. padi CSPs (RpCSPs) in insecticide binding and susceptibility has not been well clarified. In this study, we found that the expression levels of RpCSP1, RpCSP4, RpCSP5, RpCSP7, RpCSP10 were dramatically upregulated after exposure to thiamethoxam. Suppression of RpCSP4 and RpCSP5 transcription by RNA interference significantly enhanced the susceptibility of R. padi to thiamethoxam. Molecular docking and fluorescence competitive binding showed that RpCSP4 and RpCSP5 had high binding affinity with thiamethoxam. The present results prove that RpCSP4 and RpCSP5 are related to insecticide resistance through high binding affinity to reduce the toxicity of insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junjie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Yao Q, Liang Z, Chen B. Evidence for the Participation of Chemosensory Proteins in Response to Insecticide Challenge in Conopomorpha sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1360-1368. [PMID: 36622209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are a type of efficient transporters that can bind various hydrophobic compounds. Previous research has shown that the expression levels of some insect CSPs were significantly increased after insecticide treatment. However, the role of CSPs in response to insecticide challenge is unclear. Conopomorpha sinensis is the most destructive borer pest of litchi (Litchi chinensis) and longan (Euphoria longan) in the Asia-Pacific region. Here, we studied the expression patterns and potential functions of 12 CSP genes (CsCSPs) from C. sinensis in response to λ-cyhalothrin exposure. The spatiotemporal distribution of CsCSPs suggested that they were predominantly expressed in the female abdomen, female legs, and male legs. The expression levels of CsCSPs were affected in a time-dependent manner after λ-cyhalothrin treatment in both sexes of C. sinensis adults. Compared to the control group, the expression levels of CsCSP1, CsCSP2, CsCSP9, and CsCSP12 in females were significantly increased by 2-4 times, while only one CsCSP, three CsCSPs, and two CsCSPs were significantly upregulated in males at three time points post-treatment. The sex-biased variance of CSP expression may be related to sex-specific detoxification enzymatic activities and survival rates of C. sinensis in response to insecticide challenge. Homology modeling and molecular docking analyses showed that the binding energy value of CsCSP1-12 to λ-cyhalothrin was negative and the binding energy between CsCSP9 and λ-cyhalothrin was the lowest (-11.35 kJ/mol). Combined with expression alterations of CsCSP1-12, the results indicate that CsCSP1, CsCSP2, CsCSP9, and CsCSP12 were involved in binding and ferrying of λ-cyhalothrin in C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhantu Liang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Bingxu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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