1
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Fernandes GFS, Kim SH, Castagnolo D. Harnessing biocatalysis as a green tool in antibiotic synthesis and discovery. RSC Adv 2024; 14:30396-30410. [PMID: 39318457 PMCID: PMC11420778 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04824e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis offers a sustainable approach to drug synthesis, leveraging the high selectivity and efficiency of enzymes. This review explores the application of biocatalysis in the early-stage synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, emphasizing its advantages over traditional chemical methods. We discuss various biocatalysts, including enzymes and whole-cell systems, and their role in the selective functionalization and preparation of antimicrobials and antibacterial building blocks. The review underscores the potential of biocatalysis to advance the development of new antibiotics and suggests directions and potential applications of enzymes in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
- School of Pharmacy, University College London 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Seong-Heun Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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2
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Krishna NB, Roopa L, Pravin Kumar R, S GT. Computational studies on the catalytic potential of the double active site for enzyme engineering. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17892. [PMID: 39095391 PMCID: PMC11297320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins possessing double active sites have the potential to revolutionise enzyme design strategies. This study extensively explored an enzyme that contains both a natural active site (NAS) and an engineered active site (EAS), focusing on understanding its structural and functional properties. Metadynamics simulations were employed to investigate how substrates interacted with their respective active sites. The results revealed that both the NAS and EAS exhibited similar minimum energy states, indicating comparable binding affinities. However, it became apparent that the EAS had a weaker binding site for the substrate due to its smaller pocket and constrained conformation. Interestingly, the EAS also displayed dynamic behaviour, with the substrate observed to move outside the pocket, suggesting the possibility of substrate translocation. To gain further insights, steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were conducted to study the conformational changes of the substrate and its interactions with catalytic residues. Notably, the substrate adopted distinct conformations, including near-attack conformations, in both the EAS and NAS. Nevertheless, the NAS demonstrated superior binding minima for the substrate compared to the EAS, reinforcing the observation that the engineered active site was less favourable for substrate binding due to its limitations. The QM/MM (Quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics) analyses highlight the energy disparity between NAS and EAS. Specifically, EAS exhibited elevated energy levels due to its engineered active site being located on the surface. This positioning exposes the substrate to solvents and water molecules, adding to the energy challenge. Consequently, the engineered enzyme did not provide a significant advantage in substrate binding over the single active site protein. Further, the investigation of internal channels and tunnels within the protein shed light on the pathways facilitating transport between the two active sites. By unravelling the complex dynamics and functional characteristics of this double-active site protein, this study offers valuable insights into novel strategies of enzyme engineering. These findings establish a solid foundation for future research endeavours aimed at harnessing the potential of double-active site proteins in diverse biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Banchallihundi Krishna
- Department of Computational Biology and AI, Kcat Enzymatic Private Limited, #16, Ramakrishnappa Road, Cox Town, Bangalore, 560005, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Lalitha Roopa
- Department of Computational Biology and AI, Kcat Enzymatic Private Limited, #16, Ramakrishnappa Road, Cox Town, Bangalore, 560005, India
| | - R Pravin Kumar
- Department of Computational Biology and AI, Kcat Enzymatic Private Limited, #16, Ramakrishnappa Road, Cox Town, Bangalore, 560005, India.
| | - Gopenath T S
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
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3
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Rangraz Z, Amini MM, Habibi Z. One-Pot Synthesis of 1,3,5-Trisubstitued Pyrazoles via Immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase (TLL) on a Metal-Organic Framework. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19089-19098. [PMID: 38708258 PMCID: PMC11064201 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
A regioselective enzyme-catalyzed system is selected for the synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazole derivatives by adding phenyl hydrazines, nitroolefins, and benzaldehydes. The reaction is performed in a one-pot vessel with a yield ranging from 49 to 90%. TLL@MMI, immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) on a multivariate of MOF-5/IRMOF-3 (MMI), showed good performance for the catalysis of this reaction. The prepared biocatalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The thermal and solvent stability of TLL@MMI was investigated in MeOH and EtOH after 24 h incubation. In the presence of 100% concentrations of EtOH, TLL@MMI has 80% activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rangraz
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Mostafa M. Amini
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Zohreh Habibi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983969411, Iran
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4
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Alletto P, Garcia AM, Marchesan S. Short Peptides for Hydrolase Supramolecular Mimicry and Their Potential Applications. Gels 2023; 9:678. [PMID: 37754360 PMCID: PMC10529927 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrolases are enzymes that have found numerous applications in various industrial sectors spanning from pharmaceuticals to foodstuff and beverages, consumers' products such as detergents and personal care, textiles, and even for biodiesel production and environmental bioremediation. Self-assembling and gelling short peptides have been designed for their mimicry so that their supramolecular organization leads to the creation of hydrophobic pockets for catalysis to occur. Catalytic gels of this kind can also find numerous industrial applications to address important global challenges of our time. This concise review focuses on the last 5 years of progress in this fast-paced, popular field of research with an eye towards the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Alletto
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Garcia
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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5
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Long C, He Y, Guan Z. Emerging Strategies for Asymmetric Synthesis: Combining Enzyme Promiscuity and Photo‐/Electro‐redox Catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao‐Jiu Long
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
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6
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Optimization and Determination of Kinetic Parameters of the Synthesis of 5-Lauryl-hydroxymethylfurfural Catalyzed by Lipases. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylfurfural esters (HMF-esters) have great potential for additive development; for this reason, the goal of this work was to study the optimization of the esterification conversion of HFM and lauric acid using two lipases: the Novozym 435® biocatalyst and immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL). For the optimization of conversion, a three-level three-factorial Box–Behnken experimental design was used. The models achieved a good fit (R2 over 90%) for reactions catalyzed with Novozym 435® and immobilized TL lipase. The best conversion, 78.4%, was achieved with immobilized TL lipase using 30 mM HMF, 16 U of biocatalytic activity, and 50 °C. The kinetic parameters without inhibition by the substrate were determined using the Michaelis–Menten mechanism, whereby VMax for both biocatalysts reached the highest values at 50 °C, and the highest enzyme–substrate affinities (low Km) were reached at temperatures of 30 °C and 40 °C. It can be concluded that immobilized TL lipase has the potential to catalyze this reaction since, under optimal reaction conditions, an 80.6% conversion (value predicted) could be achieved.
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7
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Special Issue on "Enzymes as Biocatalysts: Current Research Trends and Applications". Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416209. [PMID: 36555848 PMCID: PMC9781805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are able to catalyze a wide diversity of chemical reactions in nature, and they do it at an amazing level [...].
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8
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Agger JW, Zeuner B. Bio-based surfactants: enzymatic functionalization and production from renewable resources. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102842. [PMID: 36371893 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based surfactants produced from renewable resources are increasing in market demand. In this review, we focus on enzymatic functionalization and coupling of carbohydrate-based heads to fatty aliphatic chains as tails for the synthesis of bio-based surfactants. We point to concrete examples of how transferase, lipase, and glycoside hydrolase-catalyzed esterification or glycoside formation can link a variety of mono- and oligosaccharides with fatty acids. Similarly, enzymatic reductive amination also leads to coupling. Another approach for surfactant synthesis is enzymatic carbohydrate functionalization before click chemistry coupling, and here LPMOs, oxidases, and dehydrogenases are relevant. C6 or C1-oxidizing activities are particularly important for converting nonionic surfactants into highly demanded anionic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane W Agger
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Souza PMP, Carballares D, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rodrigues S. Immobilization of Lipase B from Candida antarctica in Octyl-Vinyl Sulfone Agarose: Effect of the Enzyme-Support Interactions on Enzyme Activity, Specificity, Structure and Inactivation Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214268. [PMID: 36430745 PMCID: PMC9697615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipase B from Candida antarctica was immobilized on heterofunctional support octyl agarose activated with vinyl sulfone to prevent enzyme release under drastic conditions. Covalent attachment was established, but the blocking step using hexylamine, ethylenediamine or the amino acids glycine (Gly) and aspartic acid (Asp) altered the results. The activities were lower than those observed using the octyl biocatalyst, except when using ethylenediamine as blocking reagent and p-nitrophenol butyrate (pNPB) as substrate. The enzyme stability increased using these new biocatalysts at pH 7 and 9 using all blocking agents (much more significantly at pH 9), while it decreased at pH 5 except when using Gly as blocking agent. The stress inactivation of the biocatalysts decreased the enzyme activity versus three different substrates (pNPB, S-methyl mandelate and triacetin) in a relatively similar fashion. The tryptophane (Trp) fluorescence spectra were different for the biocatalysts, suggesting different enzyme conformations. However, the fluorescence spectra changes during the inactivation were not too different except for the biocatalyst blocked with Asp, suggesting that, except for this biocatalyst, the inactivation pathways may not be so different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M. P. Souza
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Food Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 858, Fortaleza CEP 60440-900, CE, Brazil
| | - Diego Carballares
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciana R. B. Gonçalves
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, Fortaleza CEP 60440-900, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.F.-L.); (S.R.)
| | - Sueli Rodrigues
- Food Engineering Department, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 858, Fortaleza CEP 60440-900, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.F.-L.); (S.R.)
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10
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Effect of triblock copolymers on the lipase catalytic behavior at the interface of conventional O/W emulsions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Gui C, Kalkreuter E, Liu YC, Adhikari A, Teijaro CN, Yang D, Chang C, Shen B. Intramolecular C–C Bond Formation Links Anthraquinone and Enediyne Scaffolds in Tiancimycin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20452-20462. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajeeth Adhikari
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | | | - Changsoo Chang
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ben Shen
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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12
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The immobilization protocol greatly alters the effects of metal phosphate modification on the activity/stability of immobilized lipases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2452-2466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Cesana PT, Page CG, Harris D, Emmanuel MA, Hyster TK, Schlau-Cohen GS. Photoenzymatic Catalysis in a New Light: Gluconobacter “Ene”-Reductase Conjugates Possessing High-Energy Reactivity with Tunable Low-Energy Excitation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17516-17521. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Cesana
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Claire G. Page
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Dvir Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan A. Emmanuel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Todd K. Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gabriela S. Schlau-Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Godoy CA, Pardo-Tamayo JS, Barbosa O. Microbial Lipases and Their Potential in the Production of Pharmaceutical Building Blocks. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9933. [PMID: 36077332 PMCID: PMC9456414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes involving lipases in obtaining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are crucial to increase the sustainability of the industry. Despite their lower production cost, microbial lipases are striking for their versatile catalyzing reactions beyond their physiological role. In the context of taking advantage of microbial lipases in reactions for the synthesis of API building blocks, this review focuses on: (i) the structural origins of the catalytic properties of microbial lipases, including the results of techniques such as single particle monitoring (SPT) and the description of its selectivity beyond the Kazlauskas rule as the "Mirror-Image Packing" or the "Key Region(s) rule influencing enantioselectivity" (KRIE); (ii) immobilization methods given the conferred operative advantages in industrial applications and their modulating capacity of lipase properties; and (iii) a comprehensive description of microbial lipases use as a conventional or promiscuous catalyst in key reactions in the organic synthesis (Knoevenagel condensation, Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reactions, Markovnikov additions, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, racemization, among others). Finally, this review will also focus on a research perspective necessary to increase microbial lipases application development towards a greener industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Godoy
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones (LIBB), Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería de los Procesos Agroalimentarios y Biotecnológicos (GIPAB), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Juan S. Pardo-Tamayo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones (LIBB), Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería de los Procesos Agroalimentarios y Biotecnológicos (GIPAB), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Oveimar Barbosa
- Grupo de Investigación de Materiales Porosos (GIMPOAT), Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibague 730001, Colombia
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15
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Samsonowicz-Górski J, Koszelewski D, Kowalczyk P, Śmigielski P, Hrunyk A, Kramkowski K, Wypych A, Szymczak M, Lizut R, Ostaszewski R. Promiscuous Lipase-Catalyzed Knoevenagel-Phospha-Michael Reaction for the Synthesis of Antimicrobial β-Phosphono Malonates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158819. [PMID: 35955950 PMCID: PMC9368977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzymatic route for phosphorous–carbon bond formation was developed by discovering new promiscuous activity of lipase. We reported a new metal-free biocatalytic method for the synthesis of pharmacologically relevant β-phosphonomalononitriles via a lipase-catalyzed one-pot Knoevenagel–phospha–Michael reaction. We carefully analyzed the best conditions for the given reaction: the type of enzyme, temperature, and type of solvent. A series of target compounds was synthesized, with yields ranging from 43% to 93% by enzymatic reaction with Candida cylindracea (CcL) lipase as recyclable and, a few times, reusable catalyst. The advantages of this protocol are excellent yields, mild reaction conditions, low costs, and sustainability. The applicability of the same catalyst in the synthesis of β-phosphononitriles is also described. Further, the obtained compounds were validated as new potential antimicrobial agents with characteristic E. coli bacterial strains. The pivotal role of such a group of phosphonate derivatives on inhibitory activity against selected pathogenic E. coli strains was revealed. The observed results are especially important in the case of the increasing resistance of bacteria to various drugs and antibiotics. The impact of the β-phosphono malonate chemical structure on antimicrobial activity was demonstrated. The crucial role of the substituents attached to the aromatic ring on the inhibitory action against selected pathogenic E. coli strains was revealed. Among tested compounds, four β-phosphonate derivatives showed an antimicrobial activity profile similar to that obtained with currently used antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, bleomycin, and cloxacillin. In addition, the obtained compounds constitute a convenient platform for further chemical functionalization, allowing for a convenient change in their biological activity profile. It should also be noted that the cost of the compounds obtained is low, which may be an attractive alternative to the currently used antimicrobial agents. The observed results are especially important because of the increasing resistance of bacteria to various drugs and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominik Koszelewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-223432012 (D.K.); +48-227653301 (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-223432012 (D.K.); +48-227653301 (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Śmigielski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anastasiia Hrunyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wypych
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szymczak
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Lizut
- Institute of Mathematics, Informatics and Landscape Architecture, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Ostaszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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16
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The Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Industrial Enzyme Immobilization Systems. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144529. [PMID: 35889401 PMCID: PMC9320690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic biocatalysis is a sustainable technology. Enzymes are versatile and highly efficient biocatalysts, and have been widely employed due to their biodegradable nature. However, because the three-dimensional structure of these enzymes is predominantly maintained by weaker non-covalent interactions, external conditions, such as temperature and pH variations, as well as the presence of chemical compounds, can modify or even neutralize their biological activity. The enablement of this category of processes is the result of the several advances in the areas of molecular biology and biotechnology achieved over the past two decades. In this scenario, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are highlighted as efficient supports for enzyme immobilization. They can be used to ‘house’ a specific enzyme, providing it with protection from environmental influences. This review discusses MOFs as structures; emphasizes their synthesis strategies, properties, and applications; explores the existing methods of using immobilization processes of various enzymes; and lists their possible chemical modifications and combinations with other compounds to formulate the ideal supports for a given application.
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17
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Tuning Immobilized Commercial Lipase Preparations Features by Simple Treatment with Metallic Phosphate Salts. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144486. [PMID: 35889359 PMCID: PMC9320038 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Four commercial immobilized lipases biocatalysts have been submitted to modifications with different metal (zinc, cobalt or copper) phosphates to check the effects of this modification on enzyme features. The lipase preparations were Lipozyme®TL (TLL-IM) (lipase from Thermomyces lanuginose), Lipozyme®435 (L435) (lipase B from Candida antarctica), Lipozyme®RM (RML-IM), and LipuraSelect (LS-IM) (both from lipase from Rhizomucor miehei). The modifications greatly altered enzyme specificity, increasing the activity versus some substrates (e.g., TLL-IM modified with zinc phosphate in hydrolysis of triacetin) while decreasing the activity versus other substrates (the same preparation in activity versus R- or S- methyl mandelate). Enantiospecificity was also drastically altered after these modifications, e.g., LS-IM increased the activity versus the R isomer while decreasing the activity versus the S isomer when treated with copper phosphate. Regarding the enzyme stability, it was significantly improved using octyl-agarose-lipases. Using all these commercial biocatalysts, no significant positive effects were found; in fact, a decrease in enzyme stability was usually detected. The results point towards the possibility of a battery of biocatalysts, including many different metal phosphates and immobilization protocols, being a good opportunity to tune enzyme features, increasing the possibilities of having biocatalysts that may be suitable for a specific process.
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