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Zurek NA, Ehsanian R, Goins AE, Adams IM, Petersen T, Goyal S, Shilling M, Westlund KN, Alles SRA. Electrophysiological Analyses of Human Dorsal Root Ganglia and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Sensory Neurons From Male and Female Donors. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104451. [PMID: 38154622 PMCID: PMC11128351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons (hiPSC-SNs) and human dorsal root ganglia neurons (hDRG-N) are popular tools in the field of pain research; however, few groups make use of both approaches. For screening and analgesic validation purposes, important characterizations can be determined of the similarities and differences between hDRG-N and hiPSC-SNs. This study focuses specifically on the electrophysiology properties of hDRG-N in comparison to hiPSC-SNs. We also compared hDRG-N and hiPSC-SNs from both male and female donors to evaluate potential sex differences. We recorded neuronal size, rheobase, resting membrane potential, input resistance, and action potential waveform properties from 83 hiPSCs-SNs (2 donors) and 108 hDRG-N neurons (8 donors). We observed several statistically significant electrophysiological differences between hDRG-N and hiPSC-SNs, such as size, rheobase, input resistance, and several action potential waveform properties. Correlation analysis also revealed many properties that were positively or negatively correlated, some of which were differentially correlated between hDRG-N and hiPSC-SNs. This study shows several differences between hDRG-N and hiPSC-SNs and allows a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of both for use in pain research. We hope this study will be a valuable resource for pain researchers considering the use of these human in vitro systems for mechanistic studies and/or drug development projects. PERSPECTIVE: hiPSC-SNs and hDRG-N are popular tools in the field of pain research. This study allows for a better functional understanding of the pros and cons of both tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesia A Zurek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Reza Ehsanian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Aleyah E Goins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ian M Adams
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Timothy Petersen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sachin Goyal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Mark Shilling
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Karin N Westlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sascha R A Alles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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2
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Yang Y, Zhao B, Lan H, Sun J, Wei G. Bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy: Clinical features, molecular basis, and therapeutic approach. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 197:104353. [PMID: 38615869 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib is the first-line standard and most effective chemotherapeutic for multiple myeloma; however, bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN) severely affects the chemotherapy regimen and has long-term impact on patients under maintenance therapy. The pathogenesis of BIPN is poorly understood, and basic research and development of BIPN management drugs are in early stages. Besides chemotherapy dose reduction and regimen modification, no recommended prevention and treatment approaches are available for BIPN apart from the International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for peripheral neuropathy in myeloma. An in-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of BIPN, development of additional therapeutic approaches, and identification of risk factors are needed. Optimizing effective and standardized BIPN treatment plans and providing more decision-making evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment of BIPN are necessary. This article reviews the recent advances in BIPN research; provides an overview of clinical features, underlying molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches; and highlights areas for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of General Surgery, Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, China; Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bing Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongli Lan
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, China.
| | - Guoli Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Villalón Landeros E, Kho SC, Church TR, Brennan A, Türker F, Delannoy M, Caterina MJ, Margolis SS. The nociceptive activity of peripheral sensory neurons is modulated by the neuronal membrane proteasome. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114058. [PMID: 38614084 PMCID: PMC11157458 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are critical for peripheral nervous system (PNS) function. Here, we investigate mammalian PNS proteasomes and reveal the presence of the neuronal membrane proteasome (NMP). We show that specific inhibition of the NMP on distal nerve fibers innervating the mouse hind paw leads to reduction in mechanical and pain sensitivity. Through investigating PNS NMPs, we demonstrate their presence on the somata and proximal and distal axons of a subset of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Single-cell RNA sequencing experiments reveal that the NMP-expressing DRGs are primarily MrgprA3+ and Cysltr2+. NMP inhibition in DRG cultures leads to cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous changes in Ca2+ signaling induced by KCl depolarization, αβ-meATP, or the pruritogen histamine. Taken together, these data support a model whereby NMPs are expressed on a subset of somatosensory DRGs to modulate signaling between neurons of distinct sensory modalities and indicate the NMP as a potential target for controlling pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Villalón Landeros
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Samuel C Kho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Taylor R Church
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anna Brennan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fulya Türker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Delannoy
- Microscopy Facility, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Caterina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth S Margolis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Smulders PSH, Heikamp K, Hermanides J, Hollmann MW, Ten Hoope W, Weber NC. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy models constructed from human induced pluripotent stem cells and directly converted cells: a systematic review. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00530. [PMID: 38381959 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Developments in human cellular reprogramming now allow for the generation of human neurons for in vitro disease modelling. This technique has since been used for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) research, resulting in the description of numerous CIPN models constructed from human neurons. This systematic review provides a critical analysis of available models and their methodological considerations (ie, used cell type and source, CIPN induction strategy, and validation method) for prospective researchers aiming to incorporate human in vitro models of CIPN in their research. The search strategy was developed with assistance from a clinical librarian and conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase (Ovid) on September 26, 2023. Twenty-six peer-reviewed experimental studies presenting original data about human reprogrammed nonmotor neuron cell culture systems and relevant market available chemotherapeutics drugs were included. Virtually, all recent reports modeled CIPN using nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Drugs known to cause the highest incidence of CIPN were most used. Furthermore, treatment effects were almost exclusively validated by the acute effects of chemotherapeutics on neurite dynamics and cytotoxicity parameters, enabling the extrapolation of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration for the 4 most used chemotherapeutics. Overall, substantial heterogeneity was observed in the way studies applied chemotherapy and reported their findings. We therefore propose 6 suggestions to improve the clinical relevance and appropriateness of human cellular reprogramming-derived CIPN models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal S H Smulders
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Heikamp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hermanides
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Werner Ten Hoope
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Nina C Weber
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Zurek NA, Ehsanian R, Goins AE, Adams IM, Petersen T, Goyal S, Shilling M, Westlund KN, Alles SRA. Electrophysiological analyses of human dorsal root ganglia and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons from male and female donors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565343. [PMID: 37961669 PMCID: PMC10635102 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons (hiPSC-SNs) and human dorsal root ganglia (hDRG) neurons are popular tools in the field of pain research; however, few groups make use of both approaches. For screening and analgesic validation purposes, important characterizations can be determined of the similarities and differences between hDRG and hiPSC-SNs. This study focuses specifically on electrophysiology properties of hDRG in comparison to hiPSC-SNs. We also compared hDRG and hiPSC-SNs from both male and female donors to evaluate potential sex differences. We recorded neuronal size, rheobase, resting membrane potential, input resistance, and action potential waveform properties from 83 hiPSCs-SNs (2 donors) and 108 hDRG neurons (9 donors). We observed several statistically significant electrophysiological differences between hDRG and hiPSC-SNs, such as size, rheobase, input resistance, and several actional potential (AP) waveform properties. Correlation analysis also revealed many properties that were positively or negatively correlated, some of which were differentially correlated between hDRG and hiPSC-SNs. This study shows several differences between hDRG and hiPSC-SNs and allows better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of both for use in pain research. We hope this study will be a valuable resource for pain researchers considering the use of these human in vitro systems for mechanistic studies and/or drug development projects.
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6
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Kranaster P, Blum J, Dold JEGA, Wittmann V, Leist M. Use of metabolic glycoengineering and pharmacological inhibitors to assess lipid and protein sialylation on cells. J Neurochem 2023; 164:481-498. [PMID: 36504018 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) has been developed to visualize carbohydrates on live cells. The method allows the fluorescent labeling of sialic acid (Sia) sugar residues on neuronal plasma membranes. For instance, the efficiency of glycosylation along neurite membranes has been characterized as cell health measure in neurotoxicology. Using human dopaminergic neurons as model system, we asked here, whether it was possible to separately label diverse classes of biomolecules and to visualize them selectively on cells. Several approaches suggest that a large proportion of Sia rather incorporated in non-protein components of cell membranes than into glycoproteins. We made use here of deoxymannojirimycin (dMM), a non-toxic inhibitor of protein glycosylation, and of N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NBdNM) a well-tolerated inhibitor of lipid glycosylation, to develop a method of differential labeling of sialylated membrane lipids (lipid-Sia) or sialylated N-glycosylated proteins (protein-Sia) on live neurons. The time resolution at which Sia modification of lipids/proteins was observable was in the range of few hours. The approach was then extended to several other cell types. Using this technique of target-specific MGE, we found that in dopaminergic or sensory neurons >60% of Sia is lipid bound, and thus polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) cannot be considered the major sialylated membrane component. Different from neurons, most Sia was bound to protein in HepG2 hepatoma cells or in neural crest cells. Thus, our method allows visualization of cell-specific sialylation processes for separate classes of membrane constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kranaster
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Jonathan Blum
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Jeremias E G A Dold
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
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7
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Transcriptomic-based evaluation of trichloroethylene glutathione and cysteine conjugates demonstrate phenotype-dependent stress responses in a panel of human in vitro models. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:523-545. [PMID: 36576512 PMCID: PMC9859926 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental or occupational exposure of humans to trichloroethylene (TCE) has been associated with different extrahepatic toxic effects, including nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Bioactivation of TCE via the glutathione (GSH) conjugation pathway has been proposed as underlying mechanism, although only few mechanistic studies have used cell models of human origin. In this study, six human derived cell models were evaluated as in vitro models representing potential target tissues of TCE-conjugates: RPTEC/TERT1 (kidney), HepaRG (liver), HUVEC/TERT2 (vascular endothelial), LUHMES (neuronal, dopaminergic), human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) derived peripheral neurons (UKN5) and hiPSC-derived differentiated brain cortical cultures containing all subtypes of neurons and astrocytes (BCC42). A high throughput transcriptomic screening, utilizing mRNA templated oligo-sequencing (TempO-Seq), was used to study transcriptomic effects after exposure to TCE-conjugates. Cells were exposed to a wide range of concentrations of S-(1,2-trans-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (1,2-DCVG), S-(1,2-trans-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (1,2-DCVC), S-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (2,2-DCVG), and S-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (2,2-DCVC). 1,2-DCVC caused stress responses belonging to the Nrf2 pathway and Unfolded protein response in all the tested models but to different extents. The renal model was the most sensitive model to both 1,2-DCVC and 1,2-DCVG, with an early Nrf2-response at 3 µM and hundreds of differentially expressed genes at higher concentrations. Exposure to 2,2-DCVG and 2,2-DCVC also resulted in the upregulation of Nrf2 pathway genes in RPTEC/TERT1 although at higher concentrations. Of the three neuronal models, both the LUHMES and BCC42 showed significant Nrf2-responses and at higher concentration UPR-responses, supporting recent hypotheses that 1,2-DCVC may be involved in neurotoxic effects of TCE. The cell models with the highest expression of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzymes, showed cellular responses to both 1,2-DCVG and 1,2-DCVC. Little to no effects were found in the neuronal models from 1,2-DCVG exposure due to their low GGT-expression. This study expands our knowledge on tissue specificity of TCE S-conjugates and emphasizes the value of human cell models together with transcriptomics for such mechanistic studies.
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Blum J, Masjosthusmann S, Bartmann K, Bendt F, Dolde X, Dönmez A, Förster N, Holzer AK, Hübenthal U, Keßel HE, Kilic S, Klose J, Pahl M, Stürzl LC, Mangas I, Terron A, Crofton KM, Scholze M, Mosig A, Leist M, Fritsche E. Establishment of a human cell-based in vitro battery to assess developmental neurotoxicity hazard of chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137035. [PMID: 36328314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) is a major safety concern for all chemicals of the human exposome. However, DNT data from animal studies are available for only a small percentage of manufactured compounds. Test methods with a higher throughput than current regulatory guideline methods, and with improved human relevance are urgently needed. We therefore explored the feasibility of DNT hazard assessment based on new approach methods (NAMs). An in vitro battery (IVB) was assembled from ten individual NAMs that had been developed during the past years to probe effects of chemicals on various fundamental neurodevelopmental processes. All assays used human neural cells at different developmental stages. This allowed us to assess disturbances of: (i) proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPC); (ii) migration of neural crest cells, radial glia cells, neurons and oligodendrocytes; (iii) differentiation of NPC into neurons and oligodendrocytes; and (iv) neurite outgrowth of peripheral and central neurons. In parallel, cytotoxicity measures were obtained. The feasibility of concentration-dependent screening and of a reliable biostatistical processing of the complex multi-dimensional data was explored with a set of 120 test compounds, containing subsets of pre-defined positive and negative DNT compounds. The battery provided alerts (hit or borderline) for 24 of 28 known toxicants (82% sensitivity), and for none of the 17 negative controls. Based on the results from this screen project, strategies were developed on how IVB data may be used in the context of risk assessment scenarios employing integrated approaches for testing and assessment (IATA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Blum
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Masjosthusmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristina Bartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Farina Bendt
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xenia Dolde
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Arif Dönmez
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nils Förster
- Bioinformatics Group, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hübenthal
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hagen Eike Keßel
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sadiye Kilic
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jördis Klose
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Pahl
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lynn-Christin Stürzl
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Iris Mangas
- European Food Safety Authority, PREV Unit, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Terron
- European Food Safety Authority, PREV Unit, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment Health and Societies, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Axel Mosig
- Bioinformatics Group, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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