1
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Szewczyk G, Mokrzyński K, Sarna T. Generation of singlet oxygen inside living cells: correlation between phosphorescence decay lifetime, localization and outcome of photodynamic action. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024:10.1007/s43630-024-00620-8. [PMID: 39237687 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative treatment for localized lesions and infections, utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by photosensitizers (PS) upon light activation. Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a key ROS responsible for photodynamic damage. However, the effectiveness of PS in biological systems may not correlate with the efficiency of singlet oxygen generation in homogeneous solutions. This study investigated singlet oxygen generation and its decay in various cellular microenvironments using liposome and ARPE-19 cell models. Rose Bengal (RB), methylene blue (MB), and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) were employed as selected PS. Lifetimes of singlet oxygen generated by the selected photosensitizers in different cellular compartments varied, indicating different quenching rates with singlet oxygen. RB, located near cell membranes, exhibited the highest phototoxicity and lipid/protein peroxidation, followed by PpIX, while MB showed minimal cytotoxicity in similar conditions. Singlet oxygen decay lifetimes provide insights into PS localization and potential phototoxicity, highlighting the importance of the lipid microenvironment in PDT efficacy, providing useful screening method prior to in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krystian Mokrzyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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2
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Díaz-Grijuela E, Hernández A, Caballero C, Fernandez R, Urtasun R, Gulak M, Astigarraga E, Barajas M, Barreda-Gómez G. From Lipid Signatures to Cellular Responses: Unraveling the Complexity of Melanoma and Furthering Its Diagnosis and Treatment. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1204. [PMID: 39202486 PMCID: PMC11356604 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in mass spectrometry have significantly enhanced our understanding of complex lipid profiles, opening new avenues for oncological diagnostics. This review highlights the importance of lipidomics in the comprehension of certain metabolic pathways and its potential for the detection and characterization of various cancers, in particular melanoma. Through detailed case studies, we demonstrate how lipidomic analysis has led to significant breakthroughs in the identification and understanding of cancer types and its potential for detecting unique biomarkers that are instrumental in its diagnosis. Additionally, this review addresses the technical challenges and future perspectives of these methodologies, including their potential expansion and refinement for clinical applications. The discussion underscores the critical role of lipidomic profiling in advancing cancer diagnostics, proposing a new paradigm in how we approach this devastating disease, with particular emphasis on its application in comparative oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberto Fernandez
- IMG Pharma Biotech, Research and Development Division, 48170 Zamudio, Spain;
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Egoitz Astigarraga
- Betternostics SL, 31110 Noáin, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
- IMG Pharma Biotech, Research and Development Division, 48170 Zamudio, Spain;
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (R.U.); (M.B.)
| | - Gabriel Barreda-Gómez
- Betternostics SL, 31110 Noáin, Spain; (E.D.-G.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
- IMG Pharma Biotech, Research and Development Division, 48170 Zamudio, Spain;
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3
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Sanchez-Arcos C, Mutalipassi M, Zupo V, von Elert E. Cell-Death Metabolites from Cocconeis scutellum var. parva Identified by Integrating Bioactivity-Based Fractionation and Non-Targeted Metabolomic Approaches. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:320. [PMID: 39057429 PMCID: PMC11278434 DOI: 10.3390/md22070320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Epiphytic diatoms growing in Mediterranean seagrass meadows, particularly those of the genus Cocconeis, are abundant and ecologically significant, even in naturally acidified environments. One intriguing aspect of some benthic diatoms is their production of an unidentified cell-death-promoting compound, which induces destruction of the androgenic gland in Hippolyte inermis Leach, 1816, a shrimp exhibiting protandric hermaphroditism, principally under normal environmental pH levels. The consumption of Cocconeis spp. by this shrimp is vital for maintaining the stability of its natural populations. Although many attempts have been made to reveal the identity of the apoptotic compound, it is still unknown. In this study, we strategically integrated a bioactivity-based fractionation, a metabolomic approach, and two different experimental avenues to identify potential apoptotic metabolites from Cocconeis scutellum var. parva responsible for the sex reversal in H. inermis. Our integrated analysis uncovered two potential candidate metabolites, one putatively identified as a lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) (16:1) and the other classified as a fatty acid ester. This is the first time LPG (16:1) has been reported in C. scutellum var. parva and associated with cell-death processes. These candidate metabolites mark substantial progress in elucidating the factors responsible for triggering the removal of the androgenic gland in the early post-larval phases of H. inermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanchez-Arcos
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Mirko Mutalipassi
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80122 Napoli, Italy;
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Center, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Ischia, Italy
| | - Eric von Elert
- Institute for Zoology, Cologne Biocenter University of Cologne, 50674 Köln, Germany
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4
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Wang J, Taki M, Ohba Y, Arita M, Yamaguchi S. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Lipid Heterogeneity in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane with a Super-photostable Environment-Sensitive Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404328. [PMID: 38804831 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) undergoes dynamic morphological changes, which are crucial for the maintenance of mitochondrial functions as well as cell survival. As the dynamics of the membrane are governed by its lipid components, a fluorescent probe that can sense spatiotemporal alterations in the lipid properties of the IMM over long periods of time is required to understand mitochondrial physiological functions in detail. Herein, we report a red-emissive IMM-labeling reagent with excellent photostability and sensitivity to its environment, which enables the visualization of the IMM ultrastructure using super-resolution microscopy as well as of the lipid heterogeneity based on the fluorescence lifetime at the single mitochondrion level. Combining the probe and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) showed that peroxidation of unsaturated lipids in the IMM by reactive oxygen species caused an increase in the membrane order, which took place prior to mitochondrial swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Wang
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Ohba
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama-City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Human Biology-Microbiome-Quantum Research Center (WPI-Bio2Q), Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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5
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Xing Y, Xie SY, Deng W, Tang QZ. Cardiolipin in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury: From molecular mechanisms to clinical strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116936. [PMID: 38878685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored after ischemia, an essential process to salvage ischemic tissue. However, this phenomenon is intricate, characterized by various harmful effects. Tissue damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury arises from various factors, including the production of reactive oxygen species, the sequestration of proinflammatory immune cells in ischemic tissues, the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the occurrence of postischemic capillary no-reflow. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) plays a crucial role in the eicosanoid pathway by releasing free arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids' sn-2 position. This liberated arachidonic acid serves as a substrate for various eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, including cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochromes P450, ultimately resulting in inflammation and an elevated risk of reperfusion injury. Therefore, the activation of sPLA2 directly correlates with the heightened and accelerated damage observed in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Presently, clinical trials are in progress for medications aimed at sPLA2, presenting promising avenues for intervention. Cardiolipin (CL) plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial function, and its alteration is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction observed in MIRI. This paper provides a critical analysis of CL modifications concerning mitochondrial dysfunction in MIRI, along with its associated molecular mechanisms. Additionally, it delves into various pharmacological approaches to prevent or alleviate MIRI, whether by directly targeting mitochondrial CL or through indirect means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Sai-Yang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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6
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Zhou Y, Huang X, Jin Y, Qiu M, Ambe PC, Basharat Z, Hong W. The role of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns in acute pancreatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116690. [PMID: 38718519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common gastrointestinal tract diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. Current treatments remain unspecific and supportive due to the severity and clinical course of AP, which can fluctuate rapidly and unpredictably. Mitochondria, cellular power plant to produce energy, are involved in a variety of physiological or pathological activities in human body. There is a growing evidence indicating that mitochondria damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) play an important role in pathogenesis and progression of AP. With the pro-inflammatory properties, released mtDAMPs may damage pancreatic cells by binding with receptors, activating downstream molecules and releasing inflammatory factors. This review focuses on the possible interaction between AP and mtDAMPs, which include cytochrome c (Cyt c), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cardiolipin (CL), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and succinate, with focus on experimental research and potential therapeutic targets in clinical practice. Preventing or diminishing the release of mtDAMPs or targeting the mtDAMPs receptors might have a role in AP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Minhao Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter C Ambe
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral Surgery and Coloproctology, Vinzenz-Pallotti-Hospital Bensberg, Vinzenz-Pallotti-Str. 20-24, Bensberg 51429, Germany
| | | | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Castellaneta A, Losito I, Porcelli V, Barile S, Maresca A, Del Dotto V, Losacco V, Guadalupi LS, Calvano CD, Chan DC, Carelli V, Palmieri L, Cataldi TRI. Lipidomics reveals the reshaping of the mitochondrial phospholipid profile in cells lacking OPA1 and mitofusins. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100563. [PMID: 38763493 PMCID: PMC11225846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Depletion or mutations of key proteins for mitochondrial fusion, like optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn 1 and 2), are known to significantly impact the mitochondrial ultrastructure, suggesting alterations of their membranes' lipid profiles. In order to make an insight into this issue, we used hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-high resolution MS to investigate the mitochondrial phospholipid (PL) profile of mouse embryonic fibroblasts knocked out for OPA1 and Mfn1/2 genes. One hundred sixty-seven different sum compositions were recognized for the four major PL classes of mitochondria, namely phosphatidylcholines (PCs, 63), phosphatidylethanolamines (55), phosphatidylinositols (21), and cardiolipins (28). A slight decrease in the cardiolipin/PC ratio was found for Mfn1/2-knockout mitochondria. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were subsequently used to further process hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-ESI-MS data. A progressive decrease in the incidence of alk(en)yl/acyl species in PC and phosphatidylethanolamine classes and a general increase in the incidence of unsaturated acyl chains across all the investigated PL classes was inferred in OPA1 and Mfn1/2 knockouts compared to WT mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These findings suggest a reshaping of the PL profile consistent with the changes observed in the mitochondrial ultrastructure when fusion proteins are absent. Based on the existing knowledge on the metabolism of mitochondrial phospholipids, we propose that fusion proteins, especially Mfns, might influence the PL transfer between the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, likely in the context of mitochondria-associated membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Castellaneta
- Dipartimento di Chimica- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilario Losito
- Dipartimento di Chimica- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale SMART- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente - Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Barile
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente - Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Dotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Losacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale SMART- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Ambiente - Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; CNR-Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale SMART- Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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8
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Reed AL, Mitchell W, Alexandrescu AT, Alder NN. Interactions of amyloidogenic proteins with mitochondrial protein import machinery in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1263420. [PMID: 38028797 PMCID: PMC10652799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are targeted to the organelle by N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs, or "presequences") that are recognized by the import machinery and subsequently cleaved to yield the mature protein. MTSs do not have conserved amino acid compositions, but share common physicochemical properties, including the ability to form amphipathic α-helical structures enriched with basic and hydrophobic residues on alternating faces. The lack of strict sequence conservation implies that some polypeptides can be mistargeted to mitochondria, especially under cellular stress. The pathogenic accumulation of proteins within mitochondria is implicated in many aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Mechanistically, these diseases may originate in part from mitochondrial interactions with amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) or its cleavage product amyloid-β (Aβ), α-synuclein (α-syn), and mutant forms of huntingtin (mHtt), respectively, that are mediated in part through their associations with the mitochondrial protein import machinery. Emerging evidence suggests that these amyloidogenic proteins may present cryptic targeting signals that act as MTS mimetics and can be recognized by mitochondrial import receptors and transported into different mitochondrial compartments. Accumulation of these mistargeted proteins could overwhelm the import machinery and its associated quality control mechanisms, thereby contributing to neurological disease progression. Alternatively, the uptake of amyloidogenic proteins into mitochondria may be part of a protein quality control mechanism for clearance of cytotoxic proteins. Here we review the pathomechanisms of these diseases as they relate to mitochondrial protein import and effects on mitochondrial function, what features of APP/Aβ, α-syn and mHtt make them suitable substrates for the import machinery, and how this information can be leveraged for the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Reed
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Wayne Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrei T. Alexandrescu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Nathan N. Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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9
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Zhai JW, Lv LL, Wu JJ, Zhang YX, Shen Y, Qu QX, Chen C. Combining local cryoablation with PD-L1 blockade synergistically eradicates established murine lung cancer by modulating mitochondrial in PD-1+CD8+ T cell. Immunol Lett 2023; 263:61-69. [PMID: 37805094 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has shown improvement in overall survival for lung cancer in clinical trials. However, monotherapies have limited efficacy in improving outcomes and benefit only a subset of patients. Combination therapies targeting multiple pathways can augment an immune response to improve survival further. Here, we demonstrate that combinatorial anti-PD-L1/cryoablation therapy generated a synergistic antitumor activity in the established lung cancer model. Importantly, it was observed that this favorable antitumor immune response comes predominantly from the PD-1+CD8+ T cells generated after the combination therapy, referred as improvement of IFN-γ production and mitochondrial metabolism, which resembled highly functional effectors CD8+ T cells. Notably, the cellular levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen and mitochondria mass excessively coincided with alteration of IFN-γ secretion in PD-1+CD8+T cell subset. So far, anti-PD-L1/cryoablation therapy selectively derived the improvement of depolarized mitochondria in PD-1+CD8+T cell subset, subsequently rebuild the anti-tumor function of the exhausted CD8+ T cells. Collectively, there is considerable interest in anti-PD-L1 plus cryoablation combination therapy for patients with lung cancer, and defining the underlying mechanisms of the observed synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Zhai
- Respiratory Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lei-Lei Lv
- Respiratory Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jia-Juan Wu
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yao-Xin Zhang
- Respiratory Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Qu
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Respiratory Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, China.
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10
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Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15693. [PMID: 37958678 PMCID: PMC10649022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes, primarily composed of lipids, envelop each living cell. The intricate composition and organization of membrane lipids, including the variety of fatty acids they encompass, serve a dynamic role in sustaining cellular structural integrity and functionality. Typically, modifications in lipid composition coincide with consequential alterations in universally significant signaling pathways. Exploring the various fatty acids, which serve as the foundational building blocks of membrane lipids, provides crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing a myriad of cellular processes, such as membrane fluidity, protein trafficking, signal transduction, intercellular communication, and the etiology of certain metabolic disorders. Furthermore, comprehending how alterations in the lipid composition, especially concerning the fatty acid profile, either contribute to or prevent the onset of pathological conditions stands as a compelling area of research. Hence, this review aims to meticulously introduce the intricacies of membrane lipids and their constituent fatty acids in a healthy organism, thereby illuminating their remarkable diversity and profound influence on cellular function. Furthermore, this review aspires to highlight some potential therapeutic targets for various pathological conditions that may be ameliorated through dietary fatty acid supplements. The initial section of this review expounds on the eukaryotic biomembranes and their complex lipids. Subsequent sections provide insights into the synthesis, membrane incorporation, and distribution of fatty acids across various fractions of membrane lipids. The last section highlights the functional significance of membrane-associated fatty acids and their innate capacity to shape the various cellular physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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11
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Witt A, Mateska I, Palladini A, Sinha A, Wölk M, Harauma A, Bechmann N, Pamporaki C, Dahl A, Rothe M, Kopaliani I, Adolf C, Riester A, Wielockx B, Bornstein SR, Kroiss M, Peitzsch M, Moriguchi T, Fedorova M, Grzybek M, Chavakis T, Mirtschink P, Alexaki VI. Fatty acid desaturase 2 determines the lipidomic landscape and steroidogenic function of the adrenal gland. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6710. [PMID: 37478183 PMCID: PMC10361602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids regulate vital processes, including stress responses, systemic metabolism, and blood pressure. Here, we show that corticosteroid synthesis is related to the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of mitochondrial phospholipids in adrenocortical cells. Inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme of PUFA synthesis, fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), leads to perturbations in the mitochondrial lipidome and diminishes steroidogenesis. Consistently, the adrenocortical mitochondria of Fads2-/- mice fed a diet with low PUFA concentration are structurally impaired and corticoid levels are decreased. On the contrary, FADS2 expression is elevated in the adrenal cortex of obese mice, and plasma corticosterone is increased, which can be counteracted by dietary supplementation with the FADS2 inhibitor SC-26192 or icosapent ethyl, an eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester. In humans, FADS2 expression is elevated in aldosterone-producing adenomas compared to non-active adenomas or nontumorous adrenocortical tissue and correlates with expression of steroidogenic genes. Our data demonstrate that FADS2-mediated PUFA synthesis determines adrenocortical steroidogenesis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Witt
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Ivona Mateska
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Alessandra Palladini
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Anupam Sinha
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Michele Wölk
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Akiko Harauma
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Christina Pamporaki
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | | | - Irakli Kopaliani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Christian Adolf
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Anna Riester
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Michal Grzybek
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Peter Mirtschink
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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12
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Sun K, White JC, Qiu H, van Gestel CAM, Peijnenburg WJGM, He E. Coupled Lipidomics and Digital Pathology as an Effective Strategy to Identify Novel Adverse Outcome Pathways in Eisenia fetida Exposed to MoS 2 Nanosheets and Ionic Mo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37471269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets are increasingly applied in several fields, but effective and accurate strategies to fully characterize potential risks to soil ecosystems are lacking. We introduce a coelomocyte-based in vivo exposure strategy to identify novel adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and molecular endpoints from nontransformed (NTMoS2) and ultraviolet-transformed (UTMoS2) MoS2 nanosheets (10 and 100 mg Mo/L) on the earthworm Eisenia fetida using nontargeted lipidomics integrated with transcriptomics. Machine learning-based digital pathology analysis coupled with phenotypic monitoring was further used to establish the correlation between lipid profiling and whole organism effects. As an ionic control, Na2MoO4 exposure significantly reduced (61.2-79.5%) the cellular contents of membrane-associated lipids (glycerophospholipids) in earthworm coelomocytes. Downregulation of the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) verified the Na2MoO4-induced membrane stress. Compared to conventional molybdate, NTMoS2 inhibited genes related to transmembrane transport and caused the differential upregulation of phospholipid content. Unlike NTMoS2, UTMoS2 specifically upregulated the glyceride metabolism (10.3-179%) and lipid peroxidation degree (50.4-69.4%). Consequently, lipolytic pathways were activated to compensate for the potential energy deprivation. With pathology image quantification, we report that UTMoS2 caused more severe epithelial damage and intestinal steatosis than NTMoS2, which is attributed to the edge effect and higher Mo release upon UV irradiation. Our results reveal differential AOPs involving soil sentinel organisms exposed to different Mo forms, demonstrating the potential of liposome analysis to identify novel AOPs and furthermore accurate soil risk assessment strategies for emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Erkai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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13
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Takács-Vellai K. Apoptosis and Autophagy, Different Modes of Cell Death: How to Utilize Them to Fight Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11609. [PMID: 37511366 PMCID: PMC10380540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A careful balance between cell death and survival is of key importance when it comes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis [...].
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14
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Clifton LA, Wacklin-Knecht HP, Ådén J, Mushtaq AU, Sparrman T, Gröbner G. Creation of distinctive Bax-lipid complexes at mitochondrial membrane surfaces drives pore formation to initiate apoptosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7940. [PMID: 37267355 PMCID: PMC10413641 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Apotosis is an essential process tightly regulated by the Bcl-2 protein family where proapoptotic Bax triggers cell death by perforating the mitochondrial outer membrane. Although intensively studied, the molecular mechanism by which these proteins create apoptotic pores remains elusive. Here, we show that Bax creates pores by extracting lipids from outer mitochondrial membrane mimics by formation of Bax/lipid clusters that are deposited on the membrane surface. Time-resolved neutron reflectometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed two kinetically distinct phases in the pore formation process, both of which were critically dependent on cardiolipin levels. The initially fast adsorption of Bax on the mitochondrial membrane surface is followed by a slower formation of pores and Bax-lipid clusters on the membrane surface. Our findings provide a robust molecular understanding of mitochondrial membrane perforation by cell-killing Bax protein and illuminate the initial phases of programmed cellular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Clifton
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 OQX, UK
| | - Hanna P. Wacklin-Knecht
- European Spallation Source ERIC, ESS, P.O. Box 176, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Ådén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ameeq Ul Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sparrman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gerhard Gröbner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Dhage PA, Sharbidre AA, Magdum SM. Interlacing the relevance of caspase activation in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2023; 192:83-92. [PMID: 36372374 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases is a renowned regulator of apoptosis. Members of this family are responsible for the proteolytic dismantling of numerous cellular structures. Apart from apoptosis, caspases remarkably contribute to a diverse range of molecular processes. Being the imperative members of several cellular cascades their abnormal activation/deactivation has severe implications and also leads to various diseased conditions. Similar aberrant activation of caspases is one of the several causes of neuropathologies associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a form of dementia severely affecting neuropsychiatric and cognitive functions. Emerging studies are providing deeper insights into the mechanisms of caspase action in the progression of AD. Current article is an attempt to review these studies and present the action mechanisms of different mammalian caspases in the advancement of AD associated neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta A Dhage
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India.
| | - Archana A Sharbidre
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MS, India.
| | - Sujata M Magdum
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India.
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16
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Rajeev J, Kamalasanan K, Sapa H, M S, C A. Controlled release nanomedicine (CRNM) of aspirin using “biomimetic niosomal nanoparticles (BNNs)”for Covid-19 and cardiovascular treatment: DOE based optimization. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Banaras S, Paracha RZ, Nisar M, Arif A, Ahmad J, Tariq Saeed M, Mustansar Z, Shuja MN, Paracha RN. System level modeling and analysis of TNF- α mediated sphingolipid signaling pathway in neurological disorders for the prediction of therapeutic targets. Front Physiol 2022; 13:872421. [PMID: 36060699 PMCID: PMC9437628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.872421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) belongs to a class of lipids termed sphingolipids. The disruption in the sphingomyelin signaling pathway is associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. TNF-α, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine generated in response to various neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is an eminent regulator of the sphingomyelin metabolic pathway. The immune-triggered regulation of the sphingomyelin metabolic pathway via TNF-α constitutes the sphingomyelin signaling pathway. In this pathway, sphingomyelin and its downstream sphingolipids activate various signaling cascades like PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways, thus, controlling diverse processes coupled with neuronal viability, survival, and death. The holistic analysis of the immune-triggered sphingomyelin signaling pathway is imperative to make necessary predictions about its pivotal components and for the formulation of disease-related therapeutics. The current work offers a comprehensive in silico systems analysis of TNF-α mediated sphingomyelin and downstream signaling cascades via a model-based quantitative approach. We incorporated the intensity values of genes from the microarray data of control individuals from the AD study in the input entities of the pathway model. Computational modeling and simulation of the inflammatory pathway enabled the comprehensive study of the system dynamics. Network and sensitivity analysis of the model unveiled essential interaction parameters and entities during neuroinflammation. Scanning of the key entities and parameters allowed us to determine their ultimate impact on neuronal apoptosis and survival. Moreover, the efficacy and potency of the FDA-approved drugs, namely Etanercept, Nivocasan, and Scyphostatin allowed us to study the model's response towards inhibition of the respective proteins/enzymes. The network analysis revealed the pivotal model entities with high betweenness and closeness centrality values including recruit FADD, TNFR_TRADD, act CASP2, actCASP8, actCASP3 and 9, cytochrome C, and RIP_RAIDD which profoundly impacted the neuronal apoptosis. Whereas some of the entities with high betweenness and closeness centrality values like Gi-coupled receptor, actS1PR, Sphingosine, S1P, actAKT, and actERK produced a high influence on neuronal survival. However, the current study inferred the dual role of ceramide, both on neuronal survival and apoptosis. Moreover, the drug Nivocasan effectively reduces neuronal apoptosis via its inhibitory mechanism on the caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Banaras
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryum Nisar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Arif
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Computer Science and Information Technology (CS&IT), University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Saeed
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zartasha Mustansar
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rizwan Nasir Paracha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sub Campus Bhakkar, Bhakkar, Pakistan
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