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Freitag T, Kaps P, Ramtke J, Bertels S, Zunke E, Schneider B, Becker AS, Koczan D, Dubinski D, Freiman TM, Wittig F, Hinz B, Westhoff MA, Strobel H, Meiners F, Wolter D, Engel N, Troschke-Meurer S, Bergmann-Ewert W, Staehlke S, Wolff A, Gessler F, Junghanss C, Maletzki C. Combined inhibition of EZH2 and CDK4/6 perturbs endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial homeostasis and increases antitumor activity against glioblastoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:156. [PMID: 39054369 PMCID: PMC11272933 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
He, we show that combined use of the EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 and the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib synergistically enhances antitumoral effects in preclinical GBM models. Dual blockade led to HIF1α upregulation and CalR translocation, accompanied by massive impairment of mitochondrial function. Basal oxygen consumption rate, ATP synthesis, and maximal mitochondrial respiration decreased, confirming disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial homeostasis. This was paralleled by mitochondrial depolarization and upregulation of the UPR sensors PERK, ATF6α, and IRE1α. Notably, dual EZH2/CDK4/6 blockade also reduced 3D-spheroid invasion, partially inhibited tumor growth in ovo, and led to impaired viability of patient-derived organoids. Mechanistically, this was due to transcriptional changes in genes involved in mitotic aberrations/spindle assembly (Rb, PLK1, RRM2, PRC1, CENPF, TPX2), histone modification (HIST1H1B, HIST1H3G), DNA damage/replication stress events (TOP2A, ATF4), immuno-oncology (DEPDC1), EMT-counterregulation (PCDH1) and a shift in the stemness profile towards a more differentiated state. We propose a dual EZH2/CDK4/6 blockade for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Freitag
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Kaps
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Justus Ramtke
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sarah Bertels
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emily Zunke
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Björn Schneider
- Institute of Pathology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Becker
- Institute of Pathology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Department of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Dubinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Wittig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Burkhard Hinz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hannah Strobel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Meiners
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Aging Research (IBIMA), Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadja Engel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sascha Troschke-Meurer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann-Ewert
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting & Cell Analysis, Laboratory for Clinical Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Staehlke
- Institute for Cell Biology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annabell Wolff
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Florian Gessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Junghanss
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III -Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Hernández-Ortega K, Canul-Euan AA, Solis-Paredes JM, Borboa-Olivares H, Reyes-Muñoz E, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Camacho-Arroyo I. S100B actions on glial and neuronal cells in the developing brain: an overview. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1425525. [PMID: 39027325 PMCID: PMC11256909 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1425525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The S100B is a member of the S100 family of "E" helix-loop- "F" helix structure (EF) hand calcium-binding proteins expressed in diverse glial, selected neuronal, and various peripheral cells, exerting differential effects. In particular, this review compiles descriptions of the detection of S100B in different brain cells localized in specific regions during the development of humans, mice, and rats. Then, it summarizes S100B's actions on the differentiation, growth, and maturation of glial and neuronal cells in humans and rodents. Particular emphasis is placed on S100B regulation of the differentiation and maturation of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (OL), and the stimulation of dendritic development in serotoninergic and cerebellar neurons during embryogenesis. We also summarized reports that associate morphological alterations (impaired neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration, altered radial glial cell morphology) of specific neural cell groups during neurodevelopment and functional disturbances (slower rate of weight gain, impaired spatial learning) with changes in the expression of S100B caused by different conditions and stimuli as exposure to stress, ethanol, cocaine and congenital conditions such as Down's Syndrome. Taken together, this evidence highlights the impact of the expression and early actions of S100B in astrocytes, OL, and neurons during brain development, which is reflected in the alterations in differentiation, growth, and maturation of these cells. This allows the integration of a spatiotemporal panorama of S100B actions in glial and neuronal cells in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Hernández-Ortega
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Alejandro Canul-Euan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPer), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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Jana M, Prieto S, Gorai S, Dasarathy S, Kundu M, Pahan K. Muscle-building supplement β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate stimulates the maturation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells to oligodendrocytes. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1340-1358. [PMID: 38419348 PMCID: PMC11260247 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells in the CNS and multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder that is characterized by progressive loss of myelin. Although oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) should be differentiated into oligodendrocytes, for multiple reasons, OPCs fail to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in MS. Therefore, increasing the maturation of OPCs to oligodendrocytes may be of therapeutic benefit for MS. The β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a muscle-building supplement in humans and this study underlines the importance of HMB in stimulating the maturation of OPCs to oligodendrocytes. HMB treatment upregulated the expression of different maturation markers including PLP, MBP, and MOG in cultured OPCs. Double-label immunofluorescence followed by immunoblot analyses confirmed the upregulation of OPC maturation by HMB. While investigating mechanisms, we found that HMB increased the maturation of OPCs isolated from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β-/- (PPARβ-/-) mice, but not PPARα-/- mice. Similarly, GW6471 (an antagonist of PPARα), but not GSK0660 (an antagonist of PPARβ), inhibited HMB-induced maturation of OPCs. GW9662, a specific inhibitor of PPARγ, also could not inhibit HMB-mediated stimulation of OPC maturation. Furthermore, PPARα agonist GW7647, but neither PPARβ agonist GW0742 nor PPARγ agonist GW1929, alone increased the maturation of OPCs. Finally, HMB treatment of OPCs led to the recruitment of PPARα, but neither PPARβ nor PPARγ, to the PLP gene promoter. These results suggest that HMB stimulates the maturation of OPCs via PPARα and that HMB may have therapeutic prospects in remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shelby Prieto
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madhuchhanda Kundu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Poddar J, Rangasamy SB, Pahan K. Therapeutic efficacy of cinnamein, a component of balsam of Tolu/Peru, in controlled cortical impact mouse model of TBI. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105742. [PMID: 38641028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major health concern which causes long-term neurological disability particularly in war veterans, athletes and young adults. In spite of intense clinical and research investigations, there is no effective therapy to cease the pathogenesis of the disease. It is believed that axonal injury during TBI is potentiated by neuroinflammation and demyelination and/or failure to remyelination. This study highlights the use of naturally available cinnamein, also chemically known as benzyl cinnamate, in inhibiting neuroinflammation, promoting remyelination and combating the disease process of controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced TBI in mice. Oral delivery of cinnamein through gavage brought down the activation of microglia and astrocytes to decrease the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) in hippocampus and cortex of TBI mice. Cinnamein treatment also stimulated remyelination in TBI mice as revealed by PLP and A2B5 double-labeling, luxol fast blue (LFB) staining and axonal double-labeling for neurofilament and MBP. Furthermore, oral cinnamein reduced the size of lesion cavity in the brain, improved locomotor functions and restored memory and learning in TBI mice. These results suggest a new neuroprotective property of cinnamein that may be valuable in the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Poddar
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Suresh B Rangasamy
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Hein V, Baeza-Kallee N, Bertucci A, Colin C, Tchoghandjian A, Figarella-Branger D, Tabouret E. GD3 ganglioside is a promising therapeutic target for glioma patients. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae038. [PMID: 38590763 PMCID: PMC11000324 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Currently, no curative treatment is available. Despite first-line treatment composed by the association of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, relapse remains inevitable in a median delay of 6 to 10 months. Improving patient management and developing new therapeutic strategies are therefore a critical medical need in neuro-oncology. Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, the most abundant in the nervous system, representing attractive therapeutic targets. The ganglioside GD3 is highly expressed in neuroectoderm-derived tumors such as melanoma and neuroblastoma, but also in gliomas. Moreover, interesting results, including our own, have reported the involvement of GD3 in the stemness of glioblastoma cells. In this review, we will first describe the characteristics of the ganglioside GD3 and its enzyme, the GD3 synthase (GD3S), including their biosynthesis and metabolism. Then, we will detail their expression and role in gliomas. Finally, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the therapeutic development opportunities against GD3 and GD3S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hein
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Baeza-Kallee
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-oncologie PETRA, Plateforme PETRA“TECH” and Plateforme PE”TRANSLA,”Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Bertucci
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Neuro-Oncologie, MarseilleFrance
| | - Carole Colin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-oncologie PETRA, Plateforme PETRA“TECH” and Plateforme PE”TRANSLA,”Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Tchoghandjian
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-oncologie PETRA, Plateforme PETRA“TECH” and Plateforme PE”TRANSLA,”Marseille, France
| | | | - Emeline Tabouret
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, GlioME Team, Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Neuro-Oncologie, MarseilleFrance
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Réseau Préclinique et Translationnel de Recherche en Neuro-oncologie PETRA, Plateforme PETRA“TECH” and Plateforme PE”TRANSLA,”Marseille, France
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Wang WD, Guo YY, Yang ZL, Su GL, Sun ZJ. Sniping Cancer Stem Cells with Nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23262-23298. [PMID: 38010076 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance due to their self-renewal and differentiation capabilities. Despite encouraging progress in cancer treatment, conventional approaches often fail to eliminate CSCs, necessitating the development of precise targeted strategies. Recent advances in materials science and nanotechnology have enabled promising CSC-targeted approaches, harnessing the power of tailoring nanomaterials in diverse therapeutic applications. This review provides an update on the current landscape of nanobased precision targeting approaches against CSCs. We elucidate the nuanced application of organic, inorganic, and bioinspired nanomaterials across a spectrum of therapeutic paradigms, encompassing targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and multimodal synergistic therapies. By examining the accomplishments and challenges in this potential field, we aim to inform future efforts to advance nanomaterial-based therapies toward more effective "sniping" of CSCs and tumor clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yan-Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhong-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang-Liang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Baeza-Kallee N, Bergès R, Hein V, Cabaret S, Garcia J, Gros A, Tabouret E, Tchoghandjian A, Colin C, Figarella-Branger D. Deciphering the Action of Neuraminidase in Glioblastoma Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11645. [PMID: 37511403 PMCID: PMC10380381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) contains cancer stem cells (CSC) that are resistant to treatment. GBM CSC expresses glycolipids recognized by the A2B5 antibody. A2B5, induced by the enzyme ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyl transferase 3 (ST8Sia3), plays a crucial role in the proliferation, migration, clonogenicity and tumorigenesis of GBM CSC. Our aim was to characterize the resulting effects of neuraminidase that removes A2B5 in order to target GBM CSC. To this end, we set up a GBM organotypic slice model; quantified A2B5 expression by flow cytometry in U87-MG, U87-ST8Sia3 and GBM CSC lines, treated or not by neuraminidase; performed RNAseq and DNA methylation profiling; and analyzed the ganglioside expression by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in these cell lines, treated or not with neuraminidase. Results demonstrated that neuraminidase decreased A2B5 expression, tumor size and regrowth after surgical removal in the organotypic slice model but did not induce a distinct transcriptomic or epigenetic signature in GBM CSC lines. RNAseq analysis revealed that OLIG2, CHI3L1, TIMP3, TNFAIP2, and TNFAIP6 transcripts were significantly overexpressed in U87-ST8Sia3 compared to U87-MG. RT-qPCR confirmed these results and demonstrated that neuraminidase decreased gene expression in GBM CSC lines. Moreover, neuraminidase drastically reduced ganglioside expression in GBM CSC lines. Neuraminidase, by its pleiotropic action, is an attractive local treatment against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphaël Bergès
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Victoria Hein
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Cabaret
- ChemoSens Platform, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, InstitutAgro, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jeremy Garcia
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique et de Neuropathologie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Abigaëlle Gros
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique et de Neuropathologie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Emeline Tabouret
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
- APHM, CHU Timone, Service de Neurooncologie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Carole Colin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13005 Marseille, France
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Dual-drug loaded nanomedicine hydrogel as a therapeutic platform to target both residual glioblastoma and glioma stem cells. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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