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Alshareef NS, AlSedairy SA, Al-Harbi LN, Alshammari GM, Yahya MA. Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) Flower Extract Attenuates Hepatic Injury and Steatosis in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Nrf2-Dependent Hypoglycemic, Antioxidant, and Hypolipidemic Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1098. [PMID: 39334757 PMCID: PMC11428842 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the hepatic and anti-steatotic protective effects of methanolic extract from Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) flowers (SFFE), using a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Adult male Wistar rats were used for this study. First, T2DM was induced in some rats by feeding them a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks, followed by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg, i.p.). Experimental groups included the following five groups (n = 8 in each): control, control + SFFE, T2DM, T2DM + SFFE, and T2DM + SFFE + brusatol (an Nrf2 inhibitor, 2 mg/kg, i.p.). SFFE was administered at a concentration of 300 mg/kg, and all experiments concluded after 8 weeks. Treatments with SFFE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels, free fatty acids (FFAs), cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in both the control and T2DM rats, but they failed to reduce fasting insulin levels in these groups. SFFE treatments also improved the liver structure and reduced hepatocyte vacuolization and hepatic levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in T2DM rats, in addition to increasing the hepatic mRNA levels of keap1 and the cytoplasmic levels and nuclear activities of Nrf2 in both the control and T2DM rats. SFFE also stimulated the expression levels of PPARα and CPT-1 but reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA), mRNA levels of SREBP1, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl CoA carboxylase in both the control and T2DM rats; meanwhile, it reduced hepatic mRNA and the nuclear activities of NF-κB and increased levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and heme oxygenase-1 in the livers of both groups of treated rats. Furthermore, SFFE suppressed the levels of caspase-3, Bax, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 in the T2DM rats. Treatment with brusatol prevented all of these effects of SFFE. In conclusion, SFFE suppresses liver damage and hepatic steatosis in T2DM through Nrf2-dependent hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laila Naif Al-Harbi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.A.); (S.A.A.); (G.M.A.); (M.A.Y.)
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Yoo A, Ahn J, Seo HD, Hahm J, Kim MJ, Jung CH, Ha TY. Gracilaria chorda attenuates obesity-related muscle wasting through activation of SIRT1/PGC1α in skeletal muscle of mice. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:5077-5086. [PMID: 39055231 PMCID: PMC11266886 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gracilaria chorda (GC) is a red algal species that is primarily consumed in Asia. Here, we investigated the effect of GC on obesity-related skeletal muscle wasting. Furthermore, elucidating its impact on the activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α) constituted a critical aspect in understanding the underlying mechanism of action. In this study, 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce obesity, then continued on the HFD for another 8 weeks while orally administered GC. GC decreased ectopic fat accumulation in skeletal muscle and increased muscle weight, size, and function in obese mice. Furthermore, GC reduced skeletal muscle atrophy and increased hypertrophy in mice. We hypothesized that the activation of SIRT1/PGC1α by GC regulates skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. We observed that GC increased the expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α in skeletal muscle of mice and in C2C12 cells, which increased mitochondrial function and biogenesis. In addition, when C2C12 cells were treated with the SIRT1-specific inhibitor EX-527, no changes were observed in the protein levels of SIRT1 and PGC1α in the GC-treated C2C12 cells. Therefore, GC attenuated obesity-related muscle wasting by improving mitochondrial function and biogenesis through the activation of SIRT1/PGC1α in the skeletal muscle of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Yoo
- Division of Food Functionality ResearchKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Division of Food Functionality ResearchKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
- Division of Food BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeonKorea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Division of Food Functionality ResearchKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
| | - Jeong‐Hoon Hahm
- Division of Food Functionality ResearchKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Food Functionality ResearchKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Division of Food Functionality ResearchKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
- Division of Food BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeonKorea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Division of Food Functionality ResearchKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
- Division of Food BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyDaejeonKorea
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Ma CY, Zhao J, Qian KY, Xu Z, Xu XT, Zhou JY. Analysis of nutritional risk, skeletal muscle depletion, and lipid metabolism phenotype in acute radiation enteritis. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:2831-2843. [PMID: 38222011 PMCID: PMC10784828 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i12.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation enteritis, which often occurs during radiation-induced acute intestinal symptoms (RIAIS), is the most common and important complication during radiotherapy for cervical cancer. RIAIS caused by abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy will affect nutrient intake, digestion, absorption, and metabolism, leading to malnutrition or poorer nutritional status. In patients with malignant tumors, malnutrition can adversely affect the curative effect and response of radiotherapy by reducing radiosensitivity, affecting the precision of radiotherapy placement and increasing the incidence of radiotherapy-related adverse reactions. AIM To analyze nutritional risk, skeletal muscle depletion, and lipid metabolism phenotype in acute radiation enteritis. METHODS Fifty patients with cervical cancer received external beam radiotherapy, and 15 patients received brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy. Body weight, body composition parameters, nutritional risk screening (NRS) 2002 score, and blood biochemical indices of patients with cervical cancer during periradiation were tested by a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Metabolomics analysis was used to identify characteristic lipid metabolism pathways. Clinical factors that affect linoleic acid changes were screened using the generalized evaluation equation. RESULTS Among the 50 patients, 37 had RIAIS, including 34 patients with grade 1-2 RIAIS and 3 patients with grade 3 RIAIS. The NRS 2002 score of patients who underwent cervical cancer radiotherapy continued to increase during the periradiation period, and 42 patients who underwent cancer radiotherapy had nutritional deficits (NRS 2002 score ≥ 3 points) at the end of radiotherapy. Correlation analyses revealed that body weight and body mass index changes were closely associated with body fat content (R2 = 0.64/0.51). The results of the univariate analysis showed that radiotherapy time, percentage reduction of serum albumin, and percentage reduction of serum prealbumin were the key factors affecting skeletal muscle exhaustion (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis of fecal supernatants of cervical cancer patients during the periradiation period revealed the involvement of linoleic acid, cholic acid, arachidonic acid, and N-acetyl-L-benzene alanine in the metabolic pathway of linoleic acid. CONCLUSION Cervical cancer radiotherapy patients faced nutritional risks, decreased serum albumin synthesis, and increased risk of skeletal muscle exhaustion. Linoleic acid was a biomarker of high nutritional risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ying Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ke-Yan Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ju-Ying Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Kim MH, Kim S, Kim S, Park W, Han J. Gryllus bimaculatus-containing diets protect against dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy, but not high-fat diet-induced obesity. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2787-2797. [PMID: 37324877 PMCID: PMC10261823 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia and obesity are emerging as major social problems. In this study, we examined whether Gryllus bimaculatus (GB), an edible insect, prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) or high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. We generated a standard chow diet (SCD) + GB (85% SCD and 15% GB powder) and HFD + GB (85% HFD and 15% GB powder). SCD + GB feeding increased gains in body weight and white adipose tissue (WAT). Despite no difference in weight change between HFD + GB- and HFD-fed mice, HFD + GB feeding aggravated insulin resistance compared with HFD feeding. SCD + GB or HFD + GB feeding did not change most gene expressions in the liver and WAT but did increase MyHC1 expression in the muscle, meaning that GB increased muscle generation. Therefore, we fed SCD + GB with dexamethasone, which induces muscle degeneration. As a result, muscle fiber size increased, as did grip strength compared with dexamethasone-injected mice. In addition, SCD + GB reduced the expression of muscle degradation factors, such as atrogin1 and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1). Furthermore, SCD + GB feeding increased Akt, mTOR, and p70S6K phosphorylation and MyHC1 expression, meaning that it may have increased protein synthesis. In conclusion, GB has great potential for inhibiting dexamethasone-induced muscle mass loss by increasing muscle protein synthesis and inhibiting muscle protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Kim
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Medicine, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Su‐Jeong Kim
- Department of BiochemistryChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Si‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Human Ecology (Food Science and Nutrition)Korea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Woo‐Jae Park
- Department of BiochemistryChung‐Ang University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jung‐Soon Han
- Department of Human Ecology (Food Science and Nutrition)Korea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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Functional Nutrients to Ameliorate Neurogenic Muscle Atrophy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111149. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that occurs from nerve trauma in association with diseases or during aging, leading to reduced interaction between motoneurons and skeletal fibers. Current therapeutic approaches aiming at preserving muscle mass in a scenario of decreased nervous input include physical activity and employment of drugs that slow down the progression of the condition yet provide no concrete resolution. Nutritional support appears as a precious tool, adding to the success of personalized medicine, and could thus play a relevant part in mitigating neurogenic muscle atrophy. We herein summarize the molecular pathways triggered by denervation of the skeletal muscle that could be affected by functional nutrients. In this narrative review, we examine and discuss studies pertaining to the use of functional ingredients to counteract neurogenic muscle atrophy, focusing on their preventive or curative means of action within the skeletal muscle. We reviewed experimental models of denervation in rodents and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as that caused by aging, considering the knowledge generated with use of animal experimental models and, also, from human studies.
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Brown JL, Peelor FF, Georgescu C, Wren JD, Kinter M, Tyrrell VJ, O'Donnell VB, Miller BF, Van Remmen H. Lipid hydroperoxides and oxylipins are mediators of denervation induced muscle atrophy. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102518. [PMID: 36283174 PMCID: PMC9593840 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of innervation is a key driver of age associated muscle atrophy and weakness (sarcopenia). Our laboratory has previously shown that denervation induced atrophy is associated with the generation of mitochondrial hydroperoxides and lipid mediators produced downstream of cPLA2 and 12/15 lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX). To define the pathological impact of lipid hydroperoxides generated in denervation-induced atrophy in vivo, we treated mice with liproxstatin-1, a lipid hydroperoxide scavenger. We treated adult male mice with 5 mg/kg liproxstain-1 or vehicle one day prior to sciatic nerve transection and daily for 7 days post-denervation before tissue analysis. Liproxstatin-1 treatment protected gastrocnemius mass and fiber cross sectional area (∼40% less atrophy post-denervation in treated versus untreated mice). Mitochondrial hydroperoxide generation was reduced 80% in vitro and by over 65% in vivo by liproxstatin-1 treatment in denervated permeabilized muscle fibers and decreased the content of 4-HNE by ∼25% post-denervation. Lipidomic analysis revealed detectable levels of 25 oxylipins in denervated gastrocnemius muscle and significantly increased levels for eight oxylipins that are generated by metabolism of fatty acids through 12/15-LOX. Liproxstatin-1 treatment reduced the level of three of the eight denervation-induced oxylipins, specifically 15-HEPE, 13-HOTrE and 17-HDOHE. Denervation elevated protein degradation rates in muscle and treatment with liproxstatin-1 reduced rates of protein breakdown in denervated muscle. In contrast, protein synthesis rates were unchanged by denervation. Targeted proteomics revealed a number of proteins with altered expression after denervation but no effect of liproxstain-1. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 203 differentially expressed genes in denervated muscle from vehicle or liproxstatin-1 treated mice, including ER stress, nitric oxide signaling, Gαi signaling, glucocorticoid receptor signaling, and other pathways. Overall, these data suggest lipid hydroperoxides and oxylipins are key drivers of increased protein breakdown and muscle loss associated with denervation induced atrophy and a potential target for sarcopenia intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States
| | - Fredrick F Peelor
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States
| | - Victoria J Tyrrell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States; Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States.
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