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Okpoluaefe S, Ismail IS, Mohamed R, Hassan N. Adaptive natural killer cell expression in response to cytomegalovirus infection in blood and solid cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32622. [PMID: 38961938 PMCID: PMC11219991 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are conventionally thought to be an indefinite part of innate immunity. However, in a specific subset of NK cells, recent data signify an extension of their "duties" in immune surveillance and response, having characteristics of adaptive immunity, in terms of persistence and cytotoxicity. These cells are known as the adaptive or memory-like NK cells, where human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been shown to drive the expansion of adaptive NKG2C+ NK cells. HCMV is a ubiquitous pathogen whose prevalence differs worldwide with respect to the socioeconomic status of countries. The adaptive NK cell subpopulation is often characterized by the upregulated expression of NKG2C, CD16, and CD2, and restricted expression of NKG2A, FCεRγ and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), although these phenotypes may differ in different disease groups. The reconfiguration of these receptor distributions has been linked to epigenetic factors. Hence, this review attempts to appraise literature reporting markers associated with adaptive or memory-like NK cells post-HCMV infection, in relation to solid cancers and hematological malignancies. Adaptive NK cells, isolated and subjected to ex vivo modifications, have the potential to enhance anti-tumor response which can be a promising strategy for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruthimitra Okpoluaefe
- Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Emerging Infectious Disease Group, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 3200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ida Shazrina Ismail
- Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Program, BCTRP@IPPT, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rafeezul Mohamed
- Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Program, BCTRP@IPPT, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norfarazieda Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Program, BCTRP@IPPT, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Emerging Infectious Disease Group, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 3200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
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Du Y, Metcalfe S, Akunapuram S, Ghosh S, Spruck C, Richardson AM, Cohen‐Gadol AA, Shen J. Image-based assessment of natural killer cell activity against glioblastoma stem cells. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:1028-1034. [PMID: 38740554 PMCID: PMC11148112 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) poses a significant challenge in oncology and stands as the most aggressive form of brain cancer. A primary contributor to its relentless nature is the stem-like cancer cells, called glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs have the capacity for self-renewal and tumorigenesis, leading to frequent GBM recurrences and complicating treatment modalities. While natural killer (NK) cells exhibit potential in targeting and eliminating stem-like cancer cells, their efficacy within the GBM microenvironment is limited due to constrained infiltration and function. To address this limitation, novel investigations focusing on boosting NK cell activity against GSCs are imperative. This study presents two streamlined image-based assays assessing NK cell migration and cytotoxicity towards GSCs. It details protocols and explores the strengths and limitations of these methods. These assays could aid in identifying novel targets to enhance NK cell activity towards GSCs, facilitating the development of NK cell-based immunotherapy for improved GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Du
- Medical Sciences ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Samuel Metcalfe
- Medical Sciences ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Shreya Akunapuram
- Medical Sciences ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Sugata Ghosh
- Medical Sciences ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
- Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Graduate ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Charles Spruck
- Cancer CenterSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Angela M. Richardson
- Department of Neurological SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Aaron A. Cohen‐Gadol
- Department of Neurological SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Jia Shen
- Medical Sciences ProgramIndiana University School of MedicineBloomingtonINUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndianapolisINUSA
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3
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Momayyezi P, Bilev E, Ljunggren HG, Hammer Q. Viral escape from NK-cell-mediated immunosurveillance: A lesson for cancer immunotherapy? Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350465. [PMID: 37526136 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that participate in immune responses against virus-infected cells and tumors. As a countermeasure, viruses and tumors employ strategies to evade NK-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. In this review, we examine immune evasion strategies employed by viruses, focusing on examples from human CMV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We explore selected viral evasion mechanisms categorized into three classes: (1) providing ligands for the inhibitory receptor NKG2A, (2) downregulating ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D, and (3) inducing the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. For each class, we draw parallels between immune evasion by viruses and tumors, reviewing potential opportunities for overcoming evasion in cancer therapy. We suggest that in-depth investigations of host-pathogen interactions between viruses and NK cells will not only deepen our understanding of viral immune evasion but also shed light on how NK cells counter such evasion attempts. Thus, due to the parallels of immune evasion by viruses and tumors, we propose that insights gained from antiviral NK-cell responses may serve as valuable lessons that can be leveraged for designing future cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Momayyezi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni Bilev
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Huisman BD, Guan N, Rückert T, Garner L, Singh NK, McMichael AJ, Gillespie GM, Romagnani C, Birnbaum ME. High-throughput characterization of HLA-E-presented CD94/NKG2x ligands reveals peptides which modulate NK cell activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4809. [PMID: 37558657 PMCID: PMC10412585 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HLA-E is a non-classical class I MHC protein involved in innate and adaptive immune recognition. While recent studies have shown HLA-E can present diverse peptides to NK cells and T cells, the HLA-E repertoire recognized by CD94/NKG2x has remained poorly defined, with only a limited number of peptide ligands identified. Here we screen a yeast-displayed peptide library in the context of HLA-E to identify 500 high-confidence unique peptides that bind both HLA-E and CD94/NKG2A or CD94/NKG2C. Utilizing the sequences identified via yeast display selections, we train prediction algorithms and identify human and cytomegalovirus (CMV) proteome-derived, HLA-E-presented peptides capable of binding and signaling through both CD94/NKG2A and CD94/NKG2C. In addition, we identify peptides which selectively activate NKG2C+ NK cells. Taken together, characterization of the HLA-E-binding peptide repertoire and identification of NK activity-modulating peptides present opportunities for studies of NK cell regulation in health and disease, in addition to vaccine and therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D Huisman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ning Guan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timo Rückert
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), ein Leibniz Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lee Garner
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nishant K Singh
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Geraldine M Gillespie
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), ein Leibniz Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Braun FK, Rothhammer-Hampl T, Lorenz J, Pohl S, Menevse AN, Vollmann-Zwerenz A, Bumes E, Büttner M, Zoubaa S, Proescholdt M, Schmidt NO, Hau P, Beckhove P, Winner B, Riemenschneider MJ. Scaffold-Based (Matrigel™) 3D Culture Technique of Glioblastoma Recovers a Patient-like Immunosuppressive Phenotype. Cells 2023; 12:1856. [PMID: 37508520 PMCID: PMC10378658 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional 2D cultures are commonly used in cancer research though they come with limitations such as the lack of microenvironment or reduced cell heterogeneity. In this study, we investigated in what respect a scaffold-based (Matrigel™) 3D culture technique can ameliorate the limitations of 2D cultures. NGS-based bulk and single-cell sequencing of matched pairs of 2D and 3D models showed an altered transcription of key immune regulatory genes in around 36% of 3D models, indicating the reoccurrence of an immune suppressive phenotype. Changes included the presentation of different HLA surface molecules as well as cellular stressors. We also investigated the 3D tumor organoids in a co-culture setting with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Of note, lymphocyte-mediated cell killing appeared less effective in clearing 3D models than their 2D counterparts. IFN-γ release, as well as live cell staining and proliferation analysis, pointed toward an elevated resistance of 3D models. In conclusion, we found that the scaffold-based (Matrigel™) 3D culture technique affects the transcriptional profile in a subset of GBM models. Thus, these models allow for depicting clinically relevant aspects of tumor-immune interaction, with the potential to explore immunotherapeutic approaches in an easily accessible in vitro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank K Braun
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Lorenz
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pohl
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ayse-Nur Menevse
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Arabel Vollmann-Zwerenz
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Bumes
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maren Büttner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils O Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology and Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Division of Interventional Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- IZKF Junior Research Group 3 and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Siemaszko J, Marzec-Przyszlak A, Bogunia-Kubik K. Activating NKG2C Receptor: Functional Characteristics and Current Strategies in Clinical Applications. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2023; 71:9. [PMID: 36899273 PMCID: PMC10004456 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-023-00674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The interest in NK cells and their cytotoxic activity against tumour, infected or transformed cells continuously increases as they become a new efficient and off-the-shelf agents in immunotherapies. Their actions are balanced by a wide set of activating and inhibitory receptors, recognizing their complementary ligands on target cells. One of the most studied receptors is the activating CD94/NKG2C molecule, which is a member of the C-type lectin-like family. This review is intended to summarise latest research findings on the clinical relevance of NKG2C receptor and to examine its contribution to current and potential therapeutic strategies. It outlines functional characteristics and molecular features of CD94/NKG2C, its interactions with HLA-E molecule and presented antigens, pointing out a key role of this receptor in immunosurveillance, especially in the human cytomegalovirus infection. Additionally, the authors attempt to shed some light on receptor's unique interaction with its ligand which is shared with another receptor (CD94/NKG2A) with rather opposite properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Siemaszko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Marzec-Przyszlak
- Department of Biosensors and Processing of Biomedical Signals, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Hasan MZ, Höltermann C, Petersen B, Schrod A, Mätz-Rensing K, Kaul A, Salinas G, Dressel R, Walter L. Detailed phenotypic and functional characterization of CMV-associated adaptive NK cells in rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028788. [PMID: 36518759 PMCID: PMC9742600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on adaptive NK cells in rhesus macaques suffered from the lack of specific antibodies to differentiate between inhibitory CD94/NKG2A and stimulatory CD94/NKG2C heterodimeric receptors. Recently we reported an expansion of NKG2C receptor-encoding genes in rhesus macaques, but their expression and functional role on primary NK cells remained unknown due to this deficit. Thus, we established monoclonal antibodies 4A8 and 7B1 which show identical specificities and bind to both NKG2C-1 and NKG2C-2 but neither react with NKG2C-3 nor NKG2A on transfected cells. Using a combination of 4A8 and Z199 antibodies in multicolor flow cytometry we detected broad expression (4-73%) of NKG2C-1 and/or NKG2C-2 (NKG2C-1/2) on primary NK cells in rhesus macaques from our breeding colony. Stratifying our data to CMV-positive and CMV-negative animals, we noticed a higher proportion (23-73%) of primary NK cells expressing NKG2C-1/2 in CMV+ as compared to CMV- macaques (4-5%). These NKG2C-1/2-positive NK cells in CMV+ macaques are characterized by lower expression of IL12RB2, ZBTB16, SH2D1B, but not FCER1G, as well as high expression of IFNG, indicating that antibody 4A8 detects CMV-associated adaptive NK cells. Single cell RNA seq data of 4A8-positive NK cells from a rhCMV-positive macaque demonstrated that a high proportion of these adaptive NK cells transcribe in addition to NKG2C-1 and NKG2C-2 also NKG2C-3, but interestingly NKG2A as well. Remarkably, in comparison to NKG2A, NKG2C-1 and in particular NKG2C-2 bind Mamu-E with higher avidity. Primary NK cells exposed to Mamu-E-expressing target cells displayed strong degranulation as well as IFN-gamma expression of 4A8+ adaptive NK cells from rhCMV+ animals. Thus, despite co-expression of inhibitory and stimulatory CD94/NKG2 receptors the higher number of different stimulatory NKG2C receptors and their higher binding avidity to Mamu-E outreach inhibitory signaling via NKG2A. These data demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of the CMV-driven development of NKG2C-positive adaptive NK cells with particular molecular signatures in primates and with changes in gene copy numbers and ligand-binding strength of NKG2C isotypes. Thus, rhesus macaques represent a suitable and valuable nonhuman primate animal model to study the CMV-NKG2C liaison in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahidul Hasan
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,PhD program Molecular Biology of Cells, GGNB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Höltermann
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,PhD program Molecular Biology of Cells, GGNB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beatrix Petersen
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Schrod
- Animal Husbandry, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS Core Unit for Integrative Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Lutz Walter,
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Immunogenic Cell Death Enhances Immunotherapy of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: From Preclinical to Clinical Studies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091762. [PMID: 36145510 PMCID: PMC9502387 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is the most lethal tumor involving the pediatric central nervous system. The median survival of children that are diagnosed with DIPG is only 9 to 11 months. More than 200 clinical trials have failed to increase the survival outcomes using conventional cytotoxic or myeloablative chemotherapy. Immunotherapy presents exciting therapeutic opportunities against DIPG that is characterized by unique and heterogeneous features. However, the non-inflammatory DIPG microenvironment greatly limits the role of immunotherapy in DIPG. Encouragingly, the induction of immunogenic cell death, accompanied by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) shows satisfactory efficacy of immune stimulation and antitumor strategies. This review dwells on the dilemma and advances in immunotherapy for DIPG, and the potential efficacy of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in the immunotherapy of DIPG.
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Kim HR, Kang JH, Kim SH, Kim ST, Kim I, Min YJ, Shin SH, Oh SY, Lee GW, Lee JH, Ji JH, Huh SJ, Lee S. Changes of Immune Cell Fractions in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143440. [PMID: 35884501 PMCID: PMC9315861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently widely used in many types of cancer. However, some patients could not benefit from ICIs. In addition, a standardized biomarker for predicting the efficacy of ICIs is currently unavailable. Thus, we determined whether peripheral blood immune cells could be predicting markers. In contrast with previous studies, we focused on changes in immune cell fraction and the relationship between efficacy of ICIs including response rate and survival outcomes. Results revealed significant correlations between changes in NKp46-/CD56+ NK cell fraction and treatment outcomes with ICIs. Abstract Background: With the development of immunology, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been widely used in various cancer treatments. Although some patients can benefit from ICIs, other patients have no response to ICIs or suffer from hyperprogression. There has been no biomarker for predicting the efficacy of ICIs. Thus, the objective of this study was to find biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of ICIs using peripheral blood. Methods: Adults patients planned to be treated with ICIs were enrolled in this study. Blood sampling was carried out before and after administration of ICIs. Changes of immune cell fraction were analyzed for each patient. Results: Among 182 patients enrolled, immune cell analysis was performed for 90 patients. The objective response rate was 14.4% (n = 13/90). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.0 months (95% CI: 3.1–8.9 months), and the median overall survival (OS) was 13.9 months (95% CI: 5.6–22.2 months). Significant benefits in ORR and OS were shown for patients with increased NKp46-/CD56+ NK cells (p = 0.033 and p = 0.013, respectively). The PFS tended to be longer in these patients, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.050). Conclusion: Changes of immune cell fraction before and after administration of ICIs could be a novel biomarker for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea; (H.R.K.); (S.H.K.); (S.Y.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Jung Hun Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.H.K.); (G.-W.L.)
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea; (H.R.K.); (S.H.K.); (S.Y.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Ilhwan Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 48108, Korea;
| | - Young Joo Min
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan 44033, Korea;
| | - Seong Hoon Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Sung Yong Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea; (H.R.K.); (S.H.K.); (S.Y.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Gyeong-Won Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (J.H.K.); (G.-W.L.)
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea; (H.R.K.); (S.H.K.); (S.Y.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Jun Ho Ji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon 51353, Korea;
| | - Seok Jae Huh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea; (H.R.K.); (S.H.K.); (S.Y.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Suee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea; (H.R.K.); (S.H.K.); (S.Y.O.); (J.H.L.); (S.J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-240-2729
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