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Dong S, Fang S, Li J, Zheng W, Wang Z, Hu J, Zhao X, Liu Z, Feng H, Zhang Y. Comparative metabolic profiling of different pakchoi cultivars reveals nutritional diversity via widely targeted metabolomics. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101379. [PMID: 38645937 PMCID: PMC11031806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pakchoi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) is cultivated for its high nutritional value; however, the nutritional diversity of different pakchoi cultivars is rarely investigated. Herein, we performed widely targeted metabolic profiling analyses of five popular pakchois. A total of 670 metabolites were detected, which could be divided into 13 categories. The accumulation patterns of main nutritional metabolites among the five pakchois were significantly different and complementary. Moreover, the pakchoi cultivar 'QYC' showed quite different metabolomic profiles compared with other pakchois. The Venn diagram showed that the 75 differential metabolites were shared among the comparison groups ('QYC' vs. 'MET'/ 'NBC'/ 'PPQ'/ 'XQC'), of which 52 metabolites were upregulated in 'QYC'. The phenolic acids had the largest variations between 'QYC' and the other pakchoi cultivars. These findings expand metabolomic information on different pakchoi cultivars and further provide new insights into the selection and breeding of excellent pakchoi cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinyan Li
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
| | - Wenfeng Zheng
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
| | - Junlong Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
| | - Xiuqi Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, SY, China
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Zhang S, Liu Z, Xu X, Zhao R, Zhang S, Luo R. Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Metabolites Important for Antioxidant Properties and Quality Traits in Different Fruit Parts of Aurantii Fructus Immatures. Molecules 2024; 29:1733. [PMID: 38675553 PMCID: PMC11051935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, Aurantii Fructus Immatures (AFIs) have been utilized for more than 2000 years. The proportions of different fruit parts are crucial for evaluating AFI quality in China. However, the basis for this statement's substance is unclear. Differences in quality are intimately correlated with a plant's metabolite composition. On the basis of a widely targeted metabolome, this study intended to investigate the metabolite composition and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the peel and pulp of an AFI. Metabolites were identified and quantified by UHPLC-QqQ-MS. To assess their antioxidant ability, DPPH and ABTS assays were carried out. There were 1327 chemical compounds identified by UHPLC-QqQ-MS. After screening the differential metabolites using a multivariate statistical analysis, it was found that there were 695 significant differences in the metabolites between the peel and the pulp. Among them, it was discovered that the content of active ingredients in the peel group was higher than that in the pulp group. Furthermore, the aqueous extracts from the peel showed stronger antioxidant capacities than those from the pulp. The metabolites and antioxidant capacities were significantly different between the peel and the pulp. This study of different fruit parts might provide a guide for AFI quality assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ze Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ruihua Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shujiang Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rong Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Liu H, Zhou H, Ye H, Gen F, Lei M, Li J, Wei W, Liu Z, Hou N, Zhao P. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic dynamic profiles of endopleura coloration during fruit maturation in three walnut cultivars. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:109. [PMID: 38350847 PMCID: PMC10865529 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The color of endopleura is a vital factor in determining the economic value and aesthetics appeal of nut. Walnuts (Juglans) are a key source of edible nuts, high in proteins, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates. Walnut had a variety endopleura color as yellow, red, and purple. However, the regulation of walnut endopleura color remains little known. RESULTS To understand the process of coloration in endopleura, we performed the integrative analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes at two developmental stages of walnut endopleura. We obtained total of 4,950 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 794 metabolites from walnut endopleura, which are involved in flavonoid and phenolic biosynthesis pathways. The enrichment analysis revealed that the cinnamic acid, coniferyl alcohol, naringenin, and naringenin-7-O-glucoside were important metabolites in the development process of walnut endopleura. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that the DEGs and differentially regulated metabolites (DRMs) were significantly enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolic pathways. Through co-expression analysis, CHS (chalcone synthase), CHI (chalcone isomerase), CCR (cinnamoyl CoA reductase), CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase), COMT (catechol-Omethyl transferase), and 4CL (4-coumaroyl: CoA-ligase) may be the key genes that potentially regulate walnut endopleura color in flavonoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study illuminates the metabolic pathways and candidate genes that underlie the endopleura coloration in walnuts, lay the foundation for further study and provides insights into controlling nut's colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Huijuan Zhou
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fangdong Gen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Mengfan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jinhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Wenjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhanlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Na Hou
- Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang, 55005, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Tabi Rd., Xi'an, 710069, China.
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