Cysteamine-Gold Coated Carboxylated Fluorescent Nanoparticle Mediated Point-of-Care Dual-Modality Detection of the H5N1 Pathogenic Virus

Identification of specific neutralizing antibodies for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 2.3.4.4b clades to facilitate vaccine design and therapeutics

The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 2.3.4.4 and 2.3.2.1c subclades have distinct antigenic properties and are responsible for the majority of human infections. Therefore, it is essential to understand the processes by which antibodies inhibit these subclade viruses to develop effective therapies and vaccines to prevent their escape from neutralizing antibodies. Herein, we report the epitopes of two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting haemagglutinin (HA) of the H5 2.3.4.4b subclade and their neutralizing abilities. The results indicated that the two mAbs provided specific protection against the H5 2.3.4.4b clade viral challenge in MDCK cells and mouse models. Through epitope identification and docking studies, we showed that these novel sites (which are located near the 130-loop (S136, T143) and 190-helix (N199, N205) of HA receptor-binding sites that contribute to the binding affinity of neutralizing mAbs and six residues of the complementarity-determining regions) can be targeted to generate antibodies with enhanced cross-neutralization. This can also help in understanding escape mutations that differ among the H5 2.3.4.4b, h, and 2.3.2.1c subclades. These results provide specific information to facilitate future vaccine design and therapeutics for both subclade viruses, which are dominant and pose a serious threat to humans.

Advances in Detection Techniques for the H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus

Avian influenza is caused by avian influenza virus infection; the H5N1 avian influenza virus is a highly pathogenic subtype, affecting poultry and human health. Since the discovery of the highly pathogenic subtype of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, it has caused enormous losses to the poultry farming industry. It was recently found that the H5N1 avian influenza virus tends to spread among mammals. Therefore, early rapid detection methods are highly significant for effectively preventing the spread of H5N1. This paper discusses the detection technologies used in the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, including serological detection technology, immunological detection technology, molecular biology detection technology, genetic detection technology, and biosensors. Comparisons of these detection technologies were analyzed, aiming to provide some recommendations for the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus.

Nanomaterial-based biosensors for avian influenza virus: A new way forward

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Although human infections are rare, the virus has a high mortality rate when contracted. Appropriate detection methods are thus crucial for combatting this pathogen. There is a growing demand for rapid, selective, and accurate methods of identifying the virus. Numerous biosensors have been designed and commercialized to detect AIV. However, they all have considerable shortcomings. Nanotechnology offers a new way forward. Nanomaterials produce more eco-friendly, rapid, and portable diagnostic systems. They also exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity while achieving a low detection limit (LOD). This paper reviews state-of-the-art nanomaterial-based biosensors for AIV detection, such as those composed of quantum dots, gold, silver, carbon, silica, nanodiamond, and other nanoparticles. It also offers insight into potential trial protocols for creating more effective methods of identifying AIV and discusses key issues associated with developing nanomaterial-based biosensors.

MoS2-ZnO Nanocomposite Mediated Immunosensor for Non-Invasive Electrochemical Detection of IL8 Oral Tumor Biomarker

In order to support biomolecule attachment, an effective electrochemical transducer matrix for biosensing devices needs to have many specialized properties, including quick electron transfer, stability, high surface area, biocompatibility, and the presence of particular functional groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are common techniques used to assess biomarkers. Even though these techniques provide precise and trustworthy results, they cannot replace clinical applications because of factors such as detection time, sample amount, sensitivity, equipment expense, and the need for highly skilled individuals. For the very sensitive and targeted electrochemical detection of the salivary oral cancer biomarker IL8, we have created a flower-structured molybdenum disulfide-decorated zinc oxide composite on GCE (interleu-kin-8). This immunosensor shows very fast detection; the limit of detection (LOD) for interleukin-8 (IL8) detection in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was discovered to be 11.6 fM, while the MoS₂/ZnO nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) demonstrated a high catalytic current linearly from 500 pg to 4500 pg mL^-1 interleukin-8 (IL8). Therefore, the proposed biosensor exhibits excellent stability, high accuracy sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility and shows the acceptable fabrication of the electrochemical biosensors to detect the ACh in real sample analysis.