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Nagar N, Naidu G, Mishra A, Poluri KM. Protein-Based Nanocarriers and Nanotherapeutics for Infection and Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:91-109. [PMID: 37699711 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory diseases are one of the leading causes of death globally. The status quo has become more prominent with the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To combat these potential crises, proteins have been proven as highly efficacious drugs, drug targets, and biomarkers. On the other hand, advancements in nanotechnology have aided efficient and sustained drug delivery due to their nano-dimension-acquired advantages. Combining both strategies together, the protein nanoplatforms are equipped with the advantageous intrinsic properties of proteins as well as nanoformulations, eloquently changing the field of nanomedicine. Proteins can act as carriers, therapeutics, diagnostics, and theranostics in their nanoform as fusion proteins or as composites with other organic/inorganic materials. Protein-based nanoplatforms have been extensively explored to target the major infectious and inflammatory diseases of clinical concern. The current review comprehensively deliberated proteins as nanocarriers for drugs and nanotherapeutics for inflammatory and infectious agents, with special emphasis on cancer and viral diseases. A plethora of proteins from diverse organisms have aided in the synthesis of protein-based nanoformulations. The current study specifically presented the proteins of human and pathogenic origin to dwell upon the field of protein nanotechnology, emphasizing their pharmacological advantages. Further, the successful clinical translation and current bottlenecks of the protein-based nanoformulations associated with the infection-inflammation paradigm have also been discussed comprehensively. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review discusses the plethora of promising protein-based nanocarriers and nanotherapeutics explored for infectious and inflammatory ailments, with particular emphasis on protein nanoparticles of human and pathogenic origin with reference to the advantages, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters), and current bottlenecks in development of protein-based nanotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Nagar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
| | - Goutami Naidu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (N.N., G.N., K.M.P.) and Centre for Nanotechnology (K.M.P.), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; and Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (A.M.)
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Magnano GC, Carton F, Boccafoschi F, Marussi G, Cocetta E, Crosera M, Adami G, Voinovich D, Larese Filon F. Evaluating the role of protective creams on the cutaneous penetration of Ni nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121654. [PMID: 37080514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an increase of application of Nickel in the form of nanoparticles (NiNPs) in several fields including modern metallurgy, bioengineering, and medicine. Such growth of the areas of application is actually accompanied with an increase of exposure to Nickel, thus an intensification of the negative effects, the most frequent being the allergic contact dermatitis. Indeed, due to their smaller size, and therefore their higher surface area, NiNPs can release more Ni ions compared to bulk material, that can penetrate and permeate through the skin. To reduce the Ni cutaneous penetration, barrier creams (BC) are applied on the skin surface. There is little information, however, on the efficiency of such commercial protective creams on decreasing Ni cutaneous penetration. For this reason, the objective of the current study was to investigate the protective role of one commercially available formulation for Ni (Nik-L-Block™ containing a chelating agent) and one moisturizing cream (Ceramol 311 basic cream without chelating agent), following exposure to NiNPs, using in vitro Franz cells, as well as the cytotoxicity of NiNPs in primary human dermal fibroblasts was studied. Our results demonstrated that although both tested formulations can decrease Ni accumulation in the skin (4.13 ± 1.74 μg/cm2 for Nik-L-Block™ and 7.14 ± 1.46 μg/cm2 for Ceramol 311 basic cream); there are significant differences between the two creams (p = 0.004). Based on the experimental evidence, we therefore conclude that the composition of such formulations has an imperative role for dermal uptake of Ni. Finally, NiNPs showed no cytotoxic effect on cultured human dermal fibroblasts after 24 and 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Camilla Magnano
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.
| | - Flavia Carton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marussi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Cocetta
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Crosera
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Adami
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Dario Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Galvan A, Cappellozza E, Pellequer Y, Conti A, Pozza ED, Vigato E, Malatesta M, Calderan L. An Innovative Fluid Dynamic System to Model Inflammation in Human Skin Explants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076284. [PMID: 37047256 PMCID: PMC10094544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is a major administration route for drugs, and all transdermal formulations must be tested for their capability to overcome the cutaneous barrier. Therefore, developing highly reliable skin models is crucial for preclinical studies. The current in vitro models are unable to replicate the living skin in all its complexity; thus, to date, excised human skin is considered the gold standard for in vitro permeation studies. However, skin explants have a limited life span. In an attempt to overcome this problem, we used an innovative bioreactor that allowed us to achieve good structural and functional preservation in vitro of explanted human skin for up to 72 h. This device was then used to set up an in vitro inflammatory model by applying two distinct agents mimicking either exogenous or endogenous stimuli: i.e., dithranol, inducing the contact dermatitis phenotype, and the substance P, mimicking neurogenic inflammation. Our in vitro system proved to reproduce inflammatory events observed in vivo, such as vasodilation, increased number of macrophages and mast cells, and increased cytokine secretion. This bioreactor-based system may therefore be suitably and reliably used to simulate in vitro human skin inflammation and may be foreseen as a promising tool to test the efficacy of drugs and cosmetics.
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Carton F. The contribution of immunohistochemistry to the development of hydrogels for skin repair and regeneration. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67. [PMID: 36843501 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on various polymeric materials have been successfully developed in recent years for a variety of skin applications. Several studies have shown that hydrogels with regenerative, antibacterial, and antiinflammatory properties can provide faster and better healing outcomes, particularly in chronic diseases where the normal physiological healing process is significantly hampered. Various experimental tests are typically performed to assess these materials' ability to promote angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and the production and maturation of new extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemistry is important in this context because it allows for the visualization of in situ target tissue factors involved in the various stages of wound healing using antibodies labelled with specific markers detectable with different microscopy techniques. This review provides an overview of the various immunohistochemical techniques that have been used in recent years to investigate the efficacy of various types of hydrogels in assisting skin healing processes. The large number of scientific articles published demonstrates immunohistochemistry's significant contribution to the development of engineered biomaterials suitable for treating skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Carton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara.
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Nanoparticle-Based Techniques for Bladder Cancer Imaging: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043812. [PMID: 36835222 PMCID: PMC9965346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is very common in humans and is often characterized by recurrences, compromising the patient's quality of life with a substantial social and economic impact. Both the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer are problematic due to the exceptionally impermeable barrier formed by the urothelium lining the bladder; this hinders the penetration of molecules via intravesical instillation while making it difficult to precisely label the tumor tissue for surgical resection or pharmacologic treatment. Nanotechnology has been envisaged as an opportunity to improve both the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for bladder cancer since the nanoconstructs can cross the urothelial barrier and may be functionalized for active targeting, loaded with therapeutic agents, and visualized by different imaging techniques. In this article, we offer a selection of recent experimental applications of nanoparticle-based imaging techniques, with the aim of providing an easy and rapid technical guide for the development of nanoconstructs to specifically detect bladder cancer cells. Most of these applications are based on the well-established fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging currently used in the medical field and gave positive results on bladder cancer models in vivo, thus opening promising perspectives for the translation of preclinical results to the clinical practice.
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Cardiac Differentiation Promotes Focal Adhesions Assembly through Vinculin Recruitment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032444. [PMID: 36768766 PMCID: PMC9916732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the cardiovascular system are physiologically exposed to a variety of mechanical forces fundamental for both cardiac development and functions. In this context, forces generated by actomyosin networks and those transmitted through focal adhesion (FA) complexes represent the key regulators of cellular behaviors in terms of cytoskeleton dynamism, cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and tissue organization. In this study, we investigated the involvement of FAs on cardiomyocyte differentiation. In particular, vinculin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family, which are known to be involved in cardiac differentiation, were studied. Results revealed that differentiation conditions induce an upregulation of both FAK-Tyr397 and vinculin, resulting also in the translocation to the cell membrane. Moreover, the role of mechanical stress in contractile phenotype expression was investigated by applying a uniaxial mechanical stretching (5% substrate deformation, 1 Hz frequency). Morphological evaluation revealed that the cell shape showed a spindle shape and reoriented following the stretching direction. Substrate deformation resulted also in modification of the length and the number of vinculin-positive FAs. We can, therefore, suggest that mechanotransductive pathways, activated through FAs, are highly involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation, thus confirming their role during cytoskeleton rearrangement and cardiac myofilament maturation.
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L-Carnitine Functionalization to Increase Skeletal Muscle Tropism of PLGA Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010294. [PMID: 36613739 PMCID: PMC9820419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a group of rare genetic pathologies, encompassing a variety of clinical phenotypes and mechanisms of disease. Several compounds have been proposed to treat compromised muscles, but it is known that pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics problems could occur. To solve these issues, it has been suggested that nanocarriers could be used to allow controlled and targeted drug release. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare actively targeted poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of muscular pathologies. By taking advantage of the high affinity for carnitine of skeletal muscle cells due to the expression of Na+-coupled carnitine transporter (OCTN), NPs have been actively targeted via association to an amphiphilic derivative of L-carnitine. Furthermore, pentamidine, an old drug repurposed for its positive effects on myotonic dystrophy type I, was incorporated into NPs. We obtained monodispersed targeted NPs, with a mean diameter of about 100 nm and a negative zeta potential. To assess the targeting ability of the NPs, cell uptake studies were performed on C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes using confocal and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed an increased uptake of carnitine-functionalized NPs compared to nontargeted carriers in myotubes, which was probably due to the interaction with OCTN receptors occurring in large amounts in these differentiated muscle cells.
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Calderan L, Carton F, Andreana I, Bincoletto V, Arpicco S, Stella B, Malatesta M. An ex vivo experimental system to track fluorescent nanoparticles inside skeletal muscle. Eur J Histochem 2022; 67:3596. [PMID: 36546417 PMCID: PMC9827424 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel nanoconstructs for biomedical applications requires the assessment of their biodistribution, metabolism and clearance in single cells, organs and entire organisms in a living environment. To reduce the number of in vivo experiments performed and to refine the methods used, in accordance with the 3Rs principle, this work proposes an ex vivo experimental system to monitor, using fluorescence microscopy, the distribution of nanoparticles in explanted murine skeletal muscle maintained in a bioreactor that can preserve the structural and functional features of the organ for long periods of time. Fluorescently-labelled liposomes and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles were injected into the intact soleus muscle (in the distal region close to the tendon) immediately after explants, and their distribution was analysed at increasing incubation times in cross cryosections from the proximal region of the belly. Both nanocarriers were clearly recognized in the muscle and were found to enter and migrate inside the myofibres, whereas their migration in the connective tissue seemed to be limited. In addition, some fluorescent signals were observed inside the macrophages, demonstrating the physiological clearance of the nanocarriers that did not enter the myofibres. Our ex vivo system therefore provides more information than previous in vitro experiments on cultured muscle cells, highlighting the need for the appropriate functionalization of nanocarriers if myofibre targeting is to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calderan
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona
| | - Flavia Carton
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona,*Present address: Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Andreana
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Stella
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Malatesta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona,Correspondence: Prof. Manuela Malatesta, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy. Tel. +39.045.8027569. .
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Ex Vivo Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes Applied on Human Skin: A Comparative Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315112. [PMID: 36499432 PMCID: PMC9736248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the transdermal fate of vesicular nanosystems was investigated. Particularly, ethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9% w/w and transethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9 or 2.7% w/w plus polysorbate 80 0.3% w/w as an edge activator were prepared and characterized. The vesicle mean size, morphology and deformability were influenced by both phosphatidylcholine and polysorbate 80. Indeed, the mean diameters of ethosome were around 200 nm, while transethosome's mean diameters were 146 or 350 nm in the case of phosphatidylcholine 0.9 or 2.7%, w/w, respectively. The highest deformability was achieved by transethosomes based on phosphatidylcholine 0.9%, w/w. The three types of vesicular nanosystems were applied on explanted human skin maintained in a bioreactor. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that all vesicles were able to enter the skin, keeping their structural integrity. Notably, the vesicle penetration capability was influenced by their physical-chemical features. Indeed, ethosomes reached keratinocytes and even the dermis, phosphatidylcholine 0.9% transethosomes were found in keratinocytes and phosphatidylcholine 2.7% transethosomes were found only in corneocytes of the outer layer. These findings open interesting perspectives for a differentiated application of these vesicles for transdermal drug delivery as a function of the cutaneous pathology to be addressed.
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Cong Y, Baimanov D, Zhou Y, Chen C, Wang L. Penetration and translocation of functional inorganic nanomaterials into biological barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114615. [PMID: 36356929 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With excellent physicochemical properties, inorganic nanomaterials (INMs) have exhibited a series of attractive applications in biomedical fields. Biological barriers prevent successful delivery of nanomedicine in living systems that limits the development of nanomedicine especially for sufficient delivery of drugs and effective therapy. Numerous researches have focused on overcoming these biological barriers and homogeneity of organisms to enhance therapeutic efficacy, however, most of these strategies fail to resolve these challenges. In this review, we present the latest progress about how INMs interact with biological barriers and penetrate these barriers. We also summarize that both native structure and components of biological barriers and physicochemical properties of INMs contributed to the penetration capacity. Knowledge about the relationship between INMs structure and penetration capacity will guide the design and application of functional and efficient nanomedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Didar Baimanov
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong, PR China; Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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Carton F, Malatesta M. Assessing the interactions between nanoparticles and biological barriers in vitro: a new challenge for microscopy techniques in nanomedicine. Eur J Histochem 2022; 66. [DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2022.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoconstructs intended to be used as biomedical tool must be assessed for their capability to cross biological barriers. However, studying in vivo the permeability of biological barriers to nanoparticles is quite difficult due to the many structural and functional factors involved. Therefore, the in vitro modeling of biological barriers -2D cell monocultures, 2D/3D cell co-cultures, microfluidic devices- is gaining more and more relevance in nanomedical research. Microscopy techniques play a crucial role in these studies, as they allow both visualizing nanoparticles inside the biological barrier and evaluating their impact on the barrier components. This paper provides an overview of the various microscopical approaches used to investigate nanoparticle translocation through in vitro biological barrier models. The high number of scientific articles reported highlights the great contribution of the morphological and histochemical approach to the knowledge of the dynamic interactions between nanoconstructs and the living environment.
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Castiglione H, Vigneron PA, Baquerre C, Yates F, Rontard J, Honegger T. Human Brain Organoids-on-Chip: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives for Preclinical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2301. [PMID: 36365119 PMCID: PMC9699341 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for predictive in vitro models to improve disease modeling and drug target identification and validation, especially for neurological disorders. Cerebral organoids, as alternative methods to in vivo studies, appear now as powerful tools to decipher complex biological processes thanks to their ability to recapitulate many features of the human brain. Combining these innovative models with microfluidic technologies, referred to as brain organoids-on-chips, allows us to model the microenvironment of several neuronal cell types in 3D. Thus, this platform opens new avenues to create a relevant in vitro approach for preclinical applications in neuroscience. The transfer to the pharmaceutical industry in drug discovery stages and the adoption of this approach by the scientific community requires the proposition of innovative microphysiological systems allowing the generation of reproducible cerebral organoids of high quality in terms of structural and functional maturation, and compatibility with automation processes and high-throughput screening. In this review, we will focus on the promising advantages of cerebral organoids for disease modeling and how their combination with microfluidic systems can enhance the reproducibility and quality of these in vitro models. Then, we will finish by explaining why brain organoids-on-chips could be considered promising platforms for pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Castiglione
- NETRI, 69007 Lyon, France
- Sup’Biotech/CEA-IBFJ-SEPIA, Bâtiment 60, 18 Route du Panorama, 94260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Vigneron
- Sup’Biotech/CEA-IBFJ-SEPIA, Bâtiment 60, 18 Route du Panorama, 94260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Sup’Biotech, Ecole D’ingénieurs, 66 Rue Guy Môquet, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Frank Yates
- Sup’Biotech/CEA-IBFJ-SEPIA, Bâtiment 60, 18 Route du Panorama, 94260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Sup’Biotech, Ecole D’ingénieurs, 66 Rue Guy Môquet, 94800 Villejuif, France
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