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Asghari K, Niknam Z, Mohammadpour-Asl S, Chodari L. Cellular junction dynamics and Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:273. [PMID: 38302794 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal damage and cognitive decline. Recent studies have shed light on the involvement of not only the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction but also significant alterations in cellular junctions in AD pathogenesis. In this review article, we explore the role of the BBB and cellular junctions in AD pathology, with a specific focus on the hippocampus. The BBB acts as a crucial protective barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating molecular transport. Preservation of BBB integrity relies on various junctions, including gap junctions formed by connexins, tight junctions composed of proteins such as claudins, occludin, and ZO-1, as well as adherence junctions involving molecules like vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin, Nectins, and Nectin-like molecules (Necls). Abnormalities in these junctions and junctional components contribute to impaired neuronal signaling and increased cerebrovascular permeability, which are closely associated with AD advancement. By elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms governing BBB and cellular junction dysfunctions within the context of AD, this review offers valuable insights into the pathogenesis of AD and identifies potential therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Asghari
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadi Mohammadpour-Asl
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Estudillo E, López-Ornelas A, Rodríguez-Oviedo A, Gutiérrez de la Cruz N, Vargas-Hernández MA, Jiménez A. Thinking outside the black box: are the brain endothelial cells the new main target in Alzheimer's disease? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2592-2598. [PMID: 37449594 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is the interface through which the brain interacts with the milieu and consists mainly of a sophisticated network of brain endothelial cells that forms blood vessels and selectively moves molecules inside and outside the brain through multiple mechanisms of transport. Although brain endothelial cell function is crucial for brain homeostasis, their role in neurodegenerative diseases has historically not been considered with the same importance as other brain cells such as microglia, astroglia, neurons, or even molecules such as amyloid beta, Tau, or alpha-synuclein. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and brain endothelial cell dysfunction has been reported by several groups. However, its impairment has barely been considered as a potential therapeutic target. Here we review the most recent advances in the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and brain endothelial cells commitment and analyze the possible mechanisms through which their alterations contribute to this neurodegenerative disease, highlighting their inflammatory phenotype and the possibility of an impaired secretory pattern of brain endothelial cells that could contribute to the progression of this ailment. Finally, we discuss why shall brain endothelial cells be appreciated as a therapeutic target instead of solely an obstacle for delivering treatments to the injured brain in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Estudillo
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo López-Ornelas
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México; Hospital Nacional Homeopático, Hospitales Federales de Referencia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Neptali Gutiérrez de la Cruz
- Laboratorio de Morfología; Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Batalla de Celaya, Lomas de Sotelo, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Vargas-Hernández
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Batalla de Celaya, Lomas de Sotelo, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Jiménez
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Toropova AP, Toropov AA, Roncaglioni A, Benfenati E, Leszczynska D, Leszczynski J. The validation of predictive potential via the system of self-consistent models: the simulation of blood-brain barrier permeation of organic compounds. J Mol Model 2023; 29:218. [PMID: 37382683 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT To apply the quantitative relationships "structure-endpoint" approach, the reliability of prediction is necessary but sometimes challenging to achieve. In this work, an attempt is made to accomplish the reliability of forecasts by creating a set of random partitions of data into training and validation sets, followed by constructing random models. A system of random models for a helpful approach should be self-consistent, giving a similar or at least comparable statistical quality of the predictions for models obtained using different splits of available data into training and validation sets. METHOD The carried out computer experiments aimed at obtaining blood-brain barrier permeation models showed that, in principle, can be used such an approach (the Monte Carlo optimization of the correlation weights for different molecular features) for the above purpose taking advantage of specific algorithms to optimize the modelling steps with applying of new statistical criteria such as the index of ideality of correlation (IIC) and the correlation intensity index (CII). The results so obtained are good and better than what was reported previously. The suggested approach to validation of models is non-identic to traditionally applied manners of the checking up models. The concept of validation can be used for arbitrary models (not only for models of the blood-brain barrier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla P Toropova
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrey A Toropov
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncaglioni
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Danuta Leszczynska
- Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jackson State University, 1325 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS, 39217-0510, USA
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
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Arias C, Sepúlveda P, Castillo RL, Salazar LA. Relationship between Hypoxic and Immune Pathways Activation in the Progression of Neuroinflammation: Role of HIF-1α and Th17 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043073. [PMID: 36834484 PMCID: PMC9964721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common event in degenerative diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system, triggered by alterations in the immune system or inflammatory cascade. The pathophysiology of these disorders is multifactorial, whereby the therapy available has low clinical efficacy. This review propounds the relationship between the deregulation of T helper cells and hypoxia, mainly Th17 and HIF-1α molecular pathways, events that are involved in the occurrence of the neuroinflammation. The clinical expression of neuroinflammation is included in prevalent pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease, among others. In addition, therapeutic targets are analyzed in relation to the pathways that induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Arias
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7500922, Chile
| | - Paulina Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Rodrigo L. Castillo
- Departamento de Medicina Interna Oriente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500922, Chile
| | - Luis A. Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Correspondence:
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