Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Anti-Hyperglycemic Evaluation of Quinazoline-Sulfonylurea Hybrids as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) and Sulfonylurea Receptor (SUR) Agonists

Recent advances in quinazolinone derivatives: structure, design and therapeutic potential

Quinazolinones, a prominent class of heterocyclic compounds, have garnered significant attention due to their diverse biological activities and synthetic versatility. Over the past thirty years, extensive research has been conducted to explore their pharmacological potential, making them an essential scaffold in modern medicinal chemistry.This review provides an analysis of the most common synthesis methods employed for the preparation of quinazolinones, highlighting their efficiency and applicability. Furthermore, it presents an in-depth discussion of their broad-spectrum biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti-Alzheimer's, antiparasitic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties. By summarizing the latest advancements in quinazolinone research, specifically those made in the past five years, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, facilitating easy access to recent studies and promoting further advancements in the field.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Quinazolin-4(3H)-One-Based Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) Inhibitors for Anticancer Activity

A series of novel quinazoline-4-(3H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitors based on novel quinazoline-4-(3H)-one as the cap group and benzhydroxamic acid as the linker and metal-binding group. A total of 19 novel quinazoline-4-(3H)-one analogues (5a-5s) were obtained. The structures of the target compounds were characterized using ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, LC-MS, and elemental analyses. Characterized compounds were screened for inhibition against HDAC8 class I, HDAC4 class IIa, and HDAC6 class IIb. Among the compounds tested, 5b proved to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of HDAC6 with an IC₅₀ value 150 nM. Some of these compounds showed potent antiproliferative activity in several tumor cell lines (HCT116, MCF7, and B16). Amongst all the compounds tested for their anticancer effect against cancer cell lines, 5c emerged to be most active against the MCF-7 line with an IC₅₀ of 13.7 μM; it exhibited cell-cycle arrest in the G2 phase, as well as promoted apoptosis. Additionally, we noted a significant reduction in the colony-forming capability of cancer cells in the presence of 5c. At the intracellular level, selective inhibition of HDAC6 was enumerated by monitoring the acetylation of α-tubulin with a limited effect on acetyl-H3. Importantly, the obtained results suggested a potent effect of 5c at sub-micromolar concentrations as compared to the other molecules as HDAC6 inhibitors in vitro.

Medicinal Chemistry of Quinazolines as Anticancer Agents Targeting Tyrosine Kinases

Cancer is a large group of diseases that can affect any organ or body tissue due to the abnormal cellular growth with the unknown reasons. Many of the existing chemotherapeutic agents are highly toxic with a low level of selectivity. Additionally, they lead to development of therapeutic resistance. Hence, the development of targeted chemotherapeutic agents with low side effects and high selectivity is required for cancer treatment. Quinazoline is a vital scaffold well-known to be linked with several biological activities. The anticancer activity is one of the prominent biological activities of this scaffold. Several established anticancer quinazolines work by different mechanisms on the various molecular targets. The aim of this review is to present different features of medicinal chemistry as drug design, structure activity relationship, and mode of action of some targeted anticancer quinazoline derivatives. It gives comprehensive attention on the chemotherapeutic activity of quinazolines in the viewpoint of drug discovery and its development. This review provides panoramic view to the medicinal chemists for supporting their efforts to design and synthesize novel quinazolines as targeted chemotherapeutic agents.

Medicinal Chemistry of Quinazolines as Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Quinazoline is an essential scaffold, known to be linked with various biological activities. Some of the prominent biological activities of this system are analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-malarial, sedative–hypnotic, anti-histaminic, anti-cancer, anti-convulsant, anti-tubercular, and anti-viral activities. This diversity in the pharmacological response of the quinazoline system has encouraged medicinal chemists to study and discover this system and its multitude of potential against several biological activities. Many of these studies have successfully investigated the structure–activity relationship to explore the specific structural features of their biological targets. The developing understanding of quinazoline derivatives and their biological targets presents opportunities for the discovery of novel therapeutics. This review represents different aspects of medicinal chemistry, including drug design, structure–activity relationship, and the mode of action of some analgesic and anti-inflammatory quinazoline compounds. It pays comprehensive attention to the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of quinazolines from the viewpoint of drug discovery and its development.