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Liu K, Tang W, Jin S, Hao X, Hu Y, Zhou T, Zhou C, Chen G, Cui Y, Liu Q, Zhang Z. PLCL/SF/NGF nerve conduit loaded with RGD-TA-PPY hydrogel promotes regeneration of sciatic nerve defects in rats through PI3K/AKT signalling pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18544. [PMID: 39098996 PMCID: PMC11298313 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve defect are common clinical problem caused by trauma or other diseases, often leading to the loss of sensory and motor function in patients. Autologous nerve transplantation has been the gold standard for repairing peripheral nerve defects, but its clinical application is limited due to insufficient donor tissue. In recent years, the application of tissue engineering methods to synthesize nerve conduits for treating peripheral nerve defect has become a current research focus. This study introduces a novel approach for treating peripheral nerve defects using a tissue-engineered PLCL/SF/NGF@TA-PPy-RGD conduit. The conduit was fabricated by combining electrospun PLCL/SF with an NGF-loaded conductive TA-PPy-RGD gel. The gel, synthesized from RGD-modified tannic acid (TA) and polypyrrole (PPy), provides growth anchor points for nerve cells. In vitro results showed that this hybrid conduit could enhance PC12 cell proliferation, migration, and reduce apoptosis under oxidative stress. Furthermore, the conduit activated the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in PC12 cells. In a rat model of sciatic nerve defect, the PLCL/SF/NGF@TA-PPy-RGD conduit significantly improved motor function, gastrocnemius muscle function, and myelin sheath axon thickness, comparable to autologous nerve transplantation. It also promoted angiogenesis around the nerve defect. This study suggests that PLCL/SF/NGF@TA-PPy-RGD conduits provide a conducive environment for nerve regeneration, offering a new strategy for peripheral nerve defect treatment, this study provided theoretical basis and new strategies for the research and treatment of peripheral nerve defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Liu
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Weilong Tang
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Shixin Jin
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Xin Hao
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yuhang Hu
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Department of OrthopedicThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Yifeng Cui
- Department of Hepatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Qianqi Liu
- Department of UltrasoundThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
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Jin J, Kang DH, Lee GH, Kim WM, Choi JI. Intrathecal gastrodin alleviates allodynia in a rat spinal nerve ligation model through NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:213. [PMID: 38835032 PMCID: PMC11149323 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodin (GAS), a main bioactive component of the herbal plant, Gastrodia elata Blume, has shown to have beneficial effects on neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease in animal studies and migraine in clinical studies. Inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex having a core of pattern recognition receptor and has been implicated in the development of neuroinflammatory diseases. Gastrodin has shown to modulate the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This study investigated the effects of GAS on the intensity of mechanical allodynia and associated changes in NLRP3 inflammasome expression at the spinal level using L5/6 spinal nerve ligation model (SNL) in rats. METHODS Intrathecal (IT) catheter implantation and SNL were used for drug administration and pain model in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effect of gastrodin or MCC950 (NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor) on mechanical allodynia was measured by von Frey test. Changes in NLRP3 inflammasome components and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and cellular expression were examined in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. RESULTS The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components was found mostly in the neurons in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. The protein and mRNA levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), caspase-1, and IL-1β were upregulated in SNL animals compared to Sham animals. IT administration of GAS significantly attenuated the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and the intensity of SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, MCC950, also attenuated the intensity of allodynia, but the effect is less strong and shorter than that of GAS. CONCLUSIONS Expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β is greatly increased and mostly found in the neurons at the spinal level in SNL model, and IT gastrodin exerts a significant anti-allodynic effect in SNL model partly through suppressing the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunXiu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
- Department of Anesthesia, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Ho Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Geon Hui Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
| | - Woong Mo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Korea
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Korea
| | - Jeong Il Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Korea.
- BioMedical Sciences Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Korea.
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Yuan X, Zhao X, Wang W, Li C. Mechanosensing by Piezo1 and its implications in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14152. [PMID: 38682304 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Piezo1 is an essential mechanosensitive transduction ion channel in mammals. Its unique structure makes it capable of converting mechanical cues into electrical and biological signals, modulating biological and (patho)physiological processes in a wide variety of cells. There is increasing evidence demonstrating that the piezo1 channel plays a vital role in renal physiology and disease conditions. This review summarizes the current evidence on the structure and properties of Piezo1, gating modulation, and pharmacological characteristics, with special focus on the distribution and (patho)physiological significance of Piezo1 in the kidney, which may provide insights into potential treatment targets for renal diseases involving this ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoduo Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu L, Wang Y, Jiao Y, Huang Y, Xu R, Gu X, Zhang W, Ma Z. Involvement of Spinal Neuroplastin 65 in Neuropathic Pain by GABAA Receptor α2 Subunit Regulation. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00797. [PMID: 38507554 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) is a highly challenging condition with complex pathological mechanisms, and the spinal gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor receptor plays a crucial role in its progression. Recent studies have revealed a potential interaction between neuroplastin 65 (NP65) and gamma aminobutyric acid A receptor α2 subunit (GABAAR-α2) on the cell surface. We hypothesize that NP65 is involved in the pathogenesis of NP by regulating the level of GABAAR-α2. METHODS A chronic constrictive injury (CCI) pain model was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats to verify the change in spinal NP65 expression. Alterations in pain behavior and GABAAR-α2 protein expression were observed after intrathecal injection of NP65 overexpressing adeno-associated virus (AAV) in CCI rats. In vitro investigations on Neuroblastoma 2a cells, the effect of NP65 on GABAAR-α2 expression via the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cell 4 (CaN-NFATc4) signaling pathway was evaluated by manipulating NP65 expression. RESULTS The expression level of NP65 protein and mRNA in the CCI group were significantly decreased (P < .05; analysis of variance [ANOVA]). After intrathecal injection of NP65, overexpression of AAV and pain behavior in CCI rats were significantly alleviated, and levels of GABAAR-α2 were upregulated. In vitro experiments verified alterations in the expression of GABAAR-α2, CaN, and phosphorylated NFATc4 on the application of NP65 with plasmid or small interfering RNA, respectively. After the application of the specific CaN inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA), the changes in NP65 expression did not produce subsequent alterations in the expression of GABAAR-α2, CaN, or phosphorylated NFATc4 proteins. CONCLUSIONS NP65 modulates the level of GABAAR-α2 through the CaN-NFATc4 signaling pathway, which may serve as the underlying mechanism of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Karkempetzaki AI, Ravid K. Piezo1 and Its Function in Different Blood Cell Lineages. Cells 2024; 13:482. [PMID: 38534326 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation is a fundamental function through which cells sense mechanical stimuli by initiating intracellular ion currents. Ion channels play a pivotal role in this process by orchestrating a cascade of events leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways in response to particular stimuli. Piezo1 is a cation channel that reacts with Ca2+ influx in response to pressure sensation evoked by tension on the cell lipid membrane, originating from cell-cell, cell-matrix, or hydrostatic pressure forces, such as laminar flow and shear stress. The application of such forces takes place in normal physiological processes of the cell, but also in the context of different diseases, where microenvironment stiffness or excessive/irregular hydrostatic pressure dysregulates the normal expression and/or activation of Piezo1. Since Piezo1 is expressed in several blood cell lineages and mutations of the channel have been associated with blood cell disorders, studies have focused on its role in the development and function of blood cells. Here, we review the function of Piezo1 in different blood cell lineages and related diseases, with a focus on megakaryocytes and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Iris Karkempetzaki
- Department of Medicine, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Melrose J. Hippo cell signaling and HS-proteoglycans regulate tissue form and function, age-dependent maturation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and repair. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C810-C828. [PMID: 38223931 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00683.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This review examined how Hippo cell signaling and heparan sulfate (HS)-proteoglycans (HSPGs) regulate tissue form and function. Despite being a nonweight-bearing tissue, the brain is regulated by Hippo mechanoresponsive cell signaling pathways during embryonic development. HS-proteoglycans interact with growth factors, morphogens, and extracellular matrix components to regulate development and pathology. Pikachurin and Eyes shut (Eys) interact with dystroglycan to stabilize the photoreceptor axoneme primary cilium and ribbon synapse facilitating phototransduction and neurotransduction with bipolar retinal neuronal networks in ocular vision, the primary human sense. Another HSPG, Neurexin interacts with structural and adaptor proteins to stabilize synapses and ensure specificity of neural interactions, and aids in synaptic potentiation and plasticity in neurotransduction. HSPGs also stabilize the blood-brain barrier and motor neuron basal structures in the neuromuscular junction. Agrin and perlecan localize acetylcholinesterase and its receptors in the neuromuscular junction essential for neuromuscular control. The primary cilium is a mechanosensory hub on neurons, utilized by YES associated protein (YAP)-transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) Hippo, Hh, Wnt, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone matrix protein (BMP) receptor tyrosine kinase cell signaling. Members of the glypican HSPG proteoglycan family interact with Smoothened and Patched G-protein coupled receptors on the cilium to regulate Hh and Wnt signaling during neuronal development. Control of glycosyl sulfotransferases and endogenous protease expression by Hippo TAZ YAP represents a mechanism whereby the fine structure of HS-proteoglycans can be potentially modulated spatiotemporally to regulate tissue morphogenesis in a similar manner to how Hippo signaling controls sialyltransferase expression and mediation of cell-cell recognition, dysfunctional sialic acid expression is a feature of many tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Li L, Li T, Qu X, Sun G, Fu Q, Han G. Stress/cell death pathways, neuroinflammation, and neuropathic pain. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:33-51. [PMID: 37688390 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common and debilitating modality of chronic pain induced by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Albeit the elucidation of numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of potential treatment compounds, safe and reliable therapies of neuropathic pain remain poor. Multiple stress/cell death pathways have been shown to be implicated in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of stress/cell death pathways and present an overview of the roles and molecular mechanisms of stress/cell death pathways in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain, covering intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, autophagy, mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and phagoptosis. Small molecule compounds that modulate stress/cell death pathways in alleviating neuropathic pain are discussed mainly based on preclinical neuropathic pain models. These findings will contribute to in-depth understanding of the pathological processes during neuropathic pain as well as bridge the gap between basic and translational research to uncover new neuroprotective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Duan Y, Li Q, Zhou Y, Chen S, Li Y, Zang Y. Activation of the TNF-α-Necroptosis Pathway in Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Contributes to Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15454. [PMID: 37895135 PMCID: PMC10607712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyperexcitability of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in the development of chronic pain. As one of the key causes of ACC hyperexcitation, disinhibition of the ACC may be closely related to the dysfunction of inhibitory parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons (PV-INs). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the ACC PV-INs injury remains unclear. The present study demonstrates that spared sciatic nerve injury (SNI) induces an imbalance in the excitation and inhibition (E/I) of the ACC. To test whether tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) upregulation in the ACC after SNI activates necroptosis and participates in PV-INs damage, we performed a differential analysis of transcriptome sequencing using data from neuropathic pain models and found that the expression of genes key to the TNF-α-necroptosis pathway were upregulated. TNF-α immunoreactivity (IR) signals in the ACCs of SNI rats were co-located with p-RIP3- and PV-IR, or p-MLKL- and PV-IR signals. We then systematically detected the expression and cell localization of necroptosis-related proteins, including kinase RIP1, RIP3, MLKL, and their phosphorylated states, in the ACC of SNI rats. Except for RIP1 and MLKL, the levels of these proteins were significantly elevated in the contralateral ACC and mainly expressed in PV-INs. Blocking the ACC TNF-α-necroptosis pathway by microinjecting TNF-α neutralizing antibody or using an siRNA knockdown to block expression of MLKL in the ACC alleviated SNI-induced pain hypersensitivity and inhibited the upregulation of TNF-α and p-MLKL. Targeting TNF-α-triggered necroptosis within ACC PV-INs may help to correct PV-INs injury and E/I imbalance in the ACC in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Pain Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiaoyun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Pain Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yaohui Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Pain Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shaoxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Yongyong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Pain Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Zang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Pain Research Center, Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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