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Bilski R, Kamiński P, Kupczyk D, Jeka S, Baszyński J, Tkaczenko H, Kurhaluk N. Environmental and Genetic Determinants of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7814. [PMID: 39063056 PMCID: PMC11277374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals and lifestyle factors like smoking contribute to the production of free oxygen radicals. This fact, combined with a lowered total antioxidant status, can induce even more damage in the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Despite the fact that some researchers are looking for more genetic factors underlying AS, most studies focus on polymorphisms within the genes encoding the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The biggest challenge is finding the effective treatment of the disease. Genetic factors and the influence of oxidative stress, mineral metabolism disorders, microbiota, and tobacco smoking seem to be of great importance for the development of AS. The data contained in this review constitute valuable information and encourage the initiation and development of research in this area, showing connections between inflammatory disorders leading to the pathogenesis of AS and selected environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Bilski
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicholaus Copernicus University, M. Karłowicz St. 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamiński
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicholaus Copernicus University, M. Karłowicz St. 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jeka
- Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, University Hospital No. 2, Ujejski St. 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Baszyński
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, M. Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Halina Tkaczenko
- Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
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Son A, Baral I, Falduto GH, Schwartz DM. Locus of (IL-9) control: IL9 epigenetic regulation in cellular function and human disease. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1331-1339. [PMID: 38825637 PMCID: PMC11263352 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multifunctional cytokine with roles in a broad cross-section of human diseases. Like many cytokines, IL-9 is transcriptionally regulated by a group of noncoding regulatory elements (REs) surrounding the IL9 gene. These REs modulate IL-9 transcription by forming 3D loops that recruit transcriptional machinery. IL-9-promoting transcription factors (TFs) can bind REs to increase locus accessibility and permit chromatin looping, or they can be recruited to already accessible chromatin to promote transcription. Ample mechanistic and genome-wide association studies implicate this interplay between IL-9-modulating TFs and IL9 cis-REs in human physiology, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Son
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Ishita Baral
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guido H Falduto
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Taşkın RB, Aydın İ, Aytaç G, Imamoglu S, Tunçay SC, Bulut İK, Karaca NE, Aksu G, Berdeli A, Kütükçüler N. Analysis of IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-5, ACE, PTPN22 gene polymorphisms, and gene expression levels in Turkish children with IgA vasculitis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:15. [PMID: 38085361 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (IgAV) is an inflammatory disease that affects small blood vessels. This study was performed to identify an association between protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) + 788G > A (rs33996649), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) -509C > T (rs18004069), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) -511C > T (rs16944), interleukin 5 (IL-5) -746C/T (rs2069812), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D (rs4646994) gene polymorphisms, susceptibility to IgAV, as well as the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-1β, and TGF-β. METHOD A total of 53 patients with IgAV and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. PTPN22, TGF-β, IL-1β, ACE gene polymorphisms, ACE gene I/D polymorphisms, and mRNA expression levels were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, allele-specific PCR, and real-time PCR with TaqMan kits, respectively. RESULTS PTPN22, TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-5, and ACE variants showed no genotype or allele differences between patients with IgAV and controls. Increased levels of IL-1β and TGF-β mRNA expressions were observed in patients with IgAV (p < 0.001). Patients with the IL-1β AG genotype showed significantly increased amounts of arthritis than patients with non-AG (p = 0.004). Age at disease onset was found to be significantly different in patients with IgAV according to the presence of TGF-β TT genotype (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in PTPN22, TGF-β, IL-5, IL-1β, and ACE genes are unlikely to confer susceptibility to IgAV. However, the presence of the AG genotype of IL-1β is associated with susceptibility to IgAV-related arthritis. This is the first study to report a significant increase in serum mRNA levels of IL-1β and TGF-β in IgAV patients, supporting a susceptibility to IgAV in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Burcu Taşkın
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - İlyas Aydın
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Aytaç
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Imamoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Secil Conkar Tunçay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İpek Kaplan Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Edeer Karaca
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, Kazimdirik Neighborhood, University Street Number: 9, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güzide Aksu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, Kazimdirik Neighborhood, University Street Number: 9, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Afig Berdeli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necil Kütükçüler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Ege University, Kazimdirik Neighborhood, University Street Number: 9, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Bani-Wais DFN, Ad'hiah AH. A novel intergenic variant, rs2004339 A/G, of the gene encoding interleukin-40, C17orf99, is associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis in Iraqi women. Mol Immunol 2023; 164:39-46. [PMID: 37951185 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-40 (IL-40) is a novel cytokine encoded by the chromosome 17 open reading frame 99 (C17orf99) gene. Recent studies have shown that IL-40 levels are significantly up-regulated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the association of genetic variants of the C17orf99 gene with the risk of RA has not been investigated. In this case-control study, two intergenic variants, rs2004339 A/G and rs2310998 G/A, were genotyped for the first time in 120 Iraqi women with RA (30 newly diagnosed [ND] and 90 medicated [MD; treated with the tumor necrosis inhibitor etanercept plus methotrexate]) and 110 control women using TaqMan 5'-allele discrimination method. Serum IL-40 levels were also determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to analyze rs2004339 and rs2310998 under five genetic models (allele, recessive, dominant, over-dominant, and co-dominant). Results revealed that the mutant A allele (allele model) and the homozygous AA genotype (co-dominant model) of rs2004339 were significantly associated with an increased risk of RA (odds ratio [OR] = 3.37 and 7.44, respectively; corrected probability [pc] < 0.001), while rs2310998 showed no association with RA risk. When comparing the allele and genotype frequencies of rs2004339 and rs2310998 between ND and MD patients, there were no statistically significant differences. Haplotype analysis of the two variants (in the order rs2004339-rs2310998) revealed that haplotypes A-A (OR = 1.72; pc = 0.024) and A-G (OR = 2.85; pc < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of RA. IL-40 levels (median and interquartile range) were significantly elevated in RA patients compared to controls (29.3 [15.5-41.5] vs. 12.6 [7.4-18.8] pg/mL; p < 0.001). IL-40 levels were not influence by disease duration or disease activity, but the rs2310998 genotypes had an effect; IL-40 levels were significantly higher in women with the AA genotype than in women with the GG genotype (20.1 [12.9-37.1] vs. 15.8 [8.3-22.6] pg/mL; p = 0.006). Regarding medication, IL-40 tended to show elevated levels in ND cases compared to MD cases but without a significant difference. In conclusion, the mutant A allele and the mutant-type AA genotype of the intergenic variant rs2004339 were associated with an increased risk of RA among Iraqi women. Serum IL-40 levels were also elevated in patients, particularly ND patients, and were positively affected by the mutant-type AA genotype. Accordingly, the role of IL-40 in the pathogenesis of RA has been indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha F N Bani-Wais
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali H Ad'hiah
- Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Allard-Chamard H, Li Q, Rahman P. Emerging Concepts in Precision Medicine in Axial Spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2023; 25:204-212. [PMID: 37505349 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-023-01113-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) is among the rheumatology's most heritable complex diseases, yet precision medicine at clinics still needs to be explored. We reviewed the emerging concepts and recent developments in polygenic risk scores, Mendelian randomization, pharmacogenomics, single-cell sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics. RECENT FINDINGS Polygenic risk score has resulted in encouraging results with potential diagnostic utility as it appears to outperform current diagnostic tools. Its performance and generalizability vary with ethnicity. Mendelian randomization has elucidated multiple causal associations, particularly between inflammatory bowel disease and AxSpA. Single-cell transcriptomics (particularly scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq) has identified numerous cell types, including synovial and blood immunological cells, to understand the contribution of both innate and adaptative immunity in AxSpA. Current molecular tools provide an exciting opportunity to advance precision medicine for AxSpA patients. However, extensive research and implementation strategies are still required before they can have an impact in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculté de Médecine Et Des Sciences de La Santé de L'Université de Sherbrooke Et Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Proton Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 154 LeMarchant Rd, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1C-5B8, Canada.
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