Involvement of AMPKα and MAPK-ERK/-JNK Signals in Docetaxel-Induced Human Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Apoptosis

Chimeric SFT2D2-TBX19 Promotes Prostate Cancer Progression by Encoding TBX19-202 Protein and Stabilizing Mitochondrial ATP Synthase through ATP5F1A Phosphorylation

Specific chimeric RNAs and their products are consistently regarded as ideal tumor diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Chimeric RNAs can mediate tumor cell plasticity, neuroendocrine processes, polarization of tumor-associated macrophages, and resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, the discovery of chimeric RNAs in prostate cancer is still in its early stages. This study identifies the chimeric SFT2D2-TBX19 as a novel transcript encoding the TBX19-202 protein. Both TBX19-202 and its parental TBX19, which share homologous amino acid sequences, enhance prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Additionally, SFT2D2-TBX19 also functions as a lncRNA, interacting with the ATP synthase F1 subunit ATP5F1A, thereby increasing ATP5F1A phosphorylation mediated by TNK2/ACK1, which stabilizes the interaction between ATP5F1A and ATP5F1B. The region spanning 1801-2400 bp of SFT2D2-TBX19 and the intermediate structural domain of ATP5F1A are crucial functional areas. This stabilization of ATP5F1A and ATP5F1B enhances mitochondrial ATP synthase activity and ATP production. Even under conditions of mitochondrial vulnerability, SFT2D2-TBX19 protects mitochondrial structural stability to maintain prostate cancer cell proliferation. This research provides comprehensive evidence that chimeric SFT2D2-TBX19 promotes prostate cancer progression by encoding the TBX19-202 protein and stabilizing mitochondrial ATP synthase via ATP5F1A phosphorylation. These findings highlight SFT2D2-TBX19 as a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer.

miR-128-3p suppresses tumor growth and enhances chemosensitivity in tongue squamous cell carcinoma through MAP2K7 targeting

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are key players in cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy, notably target genes associated with drug resistance. While miRNA-128-3p is recognized for its involvement in various cancers, its specific role in tumorigenesis and cisplatin (CIS) resistance in tongue cancer remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we endeavoured to elucidate the significance of miR-128-3p in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), shedding light on its intricate functions and underlying mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We quantified the expression of miR-128-3p and its target genes using qRT-PCR, followed by a series of functional assays in vitro, such as proliferation and migration assays, flow cytometry analysis, and western blotting to unravel the mechanisms underlying the functions of miR-128-3p. Additionally, we validated the ability of miR-128-3p to target MAP2K7 genes through luciferase reporter assays. We observed that increased expression of miR-128-3p significantly inhibited TSCC cell migration, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), possibly by regulating MAP2K7 in the JNK/MAP kinase pathway through miRNA target binding. Furthermore, we showed that increased miR-128-3p levels enhanced the sensitivity of TSCC cells to CIS through the JNK/c-Jun cascade. We observed that miR-128-3p reduces the expression of c-Jun and ABC transporter genes by targeting MAP2K7, affecting JNK1/2. This inhibition possibly decreases drug efflux and thus enhances the TSCC sensitivity to CIS treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate oncosuppressive behaviour of miR-128-3p, which also potentially enhances the sensitivity of TSCC cells to CIS by suppressing MAP2K7 and JNK1/2, leading to evasion of apoptosis.

Exosomal fragment enclosed polyamine-salt nano-complex for co-delivery of docetaxel and mir-34a exhibits higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis in breast cancer cells

A novel core-shell nanocarrier system has been designed for co-delivery of a small anticancer drug, docetaxel (DTX) and tumor suppressor (TS) miR-34a named as Exo(PAN34a+DTX). The core is formed by pH dependent polyamine salt aggregates (PSA) containing both the payloads and the shell is formed by RAW 264.7 cell derived exosomal fragments. Herein, phosphate driven polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH, MW:17,500 Da) PSA was formed in presence of miR-34a and DTX to form PAN34a+DTX. The formulation exhibited pH dependent DTX release with only 33.55 ± 2.12% DTX release at pH 7.2 and 75.21 ± 1.8% DTX release till 144 h at pH 5.5. At 1.21 molar ratio of phosphate to the amine (known as R value), efficient complexation of miR-34a (3.6 μM) in the PAN particles was obtained. PAN34a+DTX demonstrated particle size (163.86 ± 12.89 nm) and zeta-potential value of 17.53 ± 5.10 mV which upon exosomal fragment layering changed to - 7.23 ± 2.75 mV which is similar to the zeta-potential of the exosomal fragments, i.e., - 8.40 ± 1.79 mV. The final formulation Exo(PAN34a+DTX), loaded with 40 ng/mL DTX and 50 nM miR-34a exhibited 48.20 ± 4.59% cytotoxicity in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, 4T1. Co-localization of CM-DiI (red fluorescence) stained exosomal fragments and FAM-siRNA (green fluorescence) in the cytoplasm of 4T1 cells after 6 h of Exo(PANFAM) treatment confirmed the efficiency of the designed system to co-deliver two actives. Exo(PAN34a+DTX) also reduced BCL-2 expression (target gene for miR-34a) by 8.98 folds in comparison to free DTX confirming promising co-delivery and apoptosis inducing effect of Exo(PAN34a+DTX) in 4T1.

Arrest and Attack: Microtubule-Targeting Agents and Oncolytic Viruses Employ Complementary Mechanisms to Enhance Anti-Tumor Therapy Efficacy

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising cancer immunotherapy agents that stimulate anti-tumor immunity through the preferential infection and killing of tumor cells. OVs are currently under limited clinical usage, due in part to their restricted efficacy as monotherapies. Current efforts for enhancement of the therapeutic potency of OVs involve their combination with other therapy modalities, aiming at the concomitant exploitation of complementary tumor weaknesses. In this context, microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) pose as an enticing option, as they perturb microtubule dynamics and function, induce cell-cycle arrest, and cause mitotic cell death. MTAs induce therapeutic benefit through cancer-cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and are a main component of the standard of care for different malignancies. However, off-target effects and acquired resistance involving distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms may limit the overall efficacy of MTA-based therapy. When combined, OVs and MTAs may enhance therapeutic efficacy through increases in OV infection and immunogenic cell death and a decreased probability of acquired resistance. In this review, we introduce OVs and MTAs, describe molecular features of their activity in cancer cells, and discuss studies and clinical trials in which the combination has been tested.

Interplay between paclitaxel, gap junctions, and kinases: unraveling mechanisms of action and resistance in cancer therapy

This comprehensive review elucidates the multifaceted roles of paclitaxel, a key chemotherapeutic agent, in cancer therapy, with a focus on its interactions with gap junctions and related kinases. Paclitaxel, with its complex diterpene structure, mediates its anticancer effects predominantly through specific interactions with β-tubulin, instigating cell cycle arrest and triggering various cell death pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis. The paper systematically delineates the chemical attributes and action mechanisms of paclitaxel and its analogs, underscoring their capacity to disrupt microtubule dynamics, thereby leading to mitotic arrest and subsequent cell death induction. It also scrutinizes the pivotal role of gap junctions, composed of connexin proteins, in the modulation of cancer cell behavior and chemoresistance, especially in the milieu of paclitaxel administration. The review articulates how gap junctions can either suppress tumors or contribute to cancer progression, thereby influencing chemotherapy outcomes. Furthermore, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of how paclitaxel modulates gap junction-associated kinases via phosphorylation, influencing the drug's therapeutic efficacy and resistance profiles. By integrating insights from numerous key studies, the review offers a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between paclitaxel, gap junctions, and kinases, shedding light on potential approaches to augment paclitaxel's anti-tumor effectiveness and counteract chemoresistance in cancer treatment.

TFRC, associated with hypoxia and immune, is a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer is a common malignancy of the urinary system, and the survival rate and recurrence rate of patients with muscular aggressive (MIBC) bladder cancer are not ideal. Hypoxia is a pathological process in which cells acquire special characteristics to adapt to anoxic environment, which can directly affect the proliferation, invasion and immune response of bladder cancer cells. Understanding the exact effects of hypoxia and immune-related genes in BLCA is helpful for early assessment of the prognosis of BLCA. However, the prognostic model of BLCA based on hypoxia and immune-related genes has not been reported.

PURPOSE

Hypoxia and immune cell have important role in the prognosis of bladder cancer (BLCA). The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypoxia and immune related genes could be a novel tools to predict the overall survival and immunotherapy of BLCA patients.

METHODS

First, we downloaded transcriptomic data and clinical information of BLCA patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. A combined hypoxia and immune signature was then constructed on the basis of the training cohort via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis and validated in test cohort. Afterwards, Kaplan-Meier curves, univariate and multivariate Cox and subgroup analysis were employed to assess the accuracy of our signature. Immune cell infiltration, checkpoint and the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm were used to investigate the immune environment and immunotherapy of BLCA patients. Furthermore, we confirmed the role of TFRC in bladder cancer cell lines T24 and UMUC-3 through cell experiments.

RESULTS

A combined hypoxia and immune signature containing 8 genes were successfully established. High-risk group in both training and test cohorts had significantly poorer OS than low-risk group. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis indicated our signature could be regarded as an independent prognostic factor. Different checkpoint was differently expressed between two groups, including CTLA4, HAVCR2, LAG3, PD-L1 and PDCD1. TIDE analysis indicated high-risk patients had poor response to immunotherapy and easier to have immune escape. The drug sensitivity analysis showed that high-risk group patients were more potentially sensitive to many drugs. Meanwhile, TFRC could inhibit the proliferation and invasion ability of T24 and UMUC-3 cells.

CONCLUSION

A combined hypoxia and immune-related gene could be a novel predictive model for OS and immunotherapy estimation of BLCA patients and TFRC could be used as a potential therapeutic target in the future.

Curcumin and analogues against head and neck cancer: From drug delivery to molecular mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most life-threatening diseases which also causes economic burden worldwide. To overcome the limitations of traditional therapies, investigation into alternative adjuvant treatments is crucial.

PURPOSE

Curcumin, a turmeric-derived compound, demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in diverse diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, research focuses on curcumin analogues and novel drug delivery systems, offering approaches for improved efficacy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of curcumin's current findings, emphasizing its mechanisms of anti-HNSCC effects and potential for clinical application.

METHOD

An electronic search of Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase was conducted to identify literature about the application of curcumin or analogues in HNSCC. Titles and abstracts were screened to identify potentially eligible studies. Full-text articles will be obtained and independently evaluated by two authors to make the decision of inclusion in the review.

RESULTS

Curcumin's clinical application is hindered by poor bioavailability, prompting the exploration of methods to enhance it, such as curcumin analogues and novel drug delivery systems. Curcumin could exhibit anti-cancer effects by targeting cancer cells and modulating the tumor microenvironment in HNSCC. Mechanisms of action include cell cycle arrest, apoptosis promotion, reactive oxygen species induction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, attenuation of extracellular matrix degradation, and modulation of tumor metabolism in HNSCC cells. Curcumin also targets various components of the tumor microenvironment, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, innate and adaptive immunity, and lymphovascular niches. Furthermore, curcumin enhances the anti-cancer effects of other drugs as adjunctive therapy. Two clinical trials report its potential clinical applications in treating HNSCC.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin has demonstrated therapeutic potential in HNSCC through in vitro and in vivo studies. Its effectiveness is attributed to its ability to modulate cancer cells and interact with the intricate tumor microenvironment. The development of curcumin analogues and novel drug delivery systems has shown promise in improving its bioavailability, thereby expanding its clinical applications. Further research and exploration in this area hold great potential for harnessing the full therapeutic benefits of curcumin in HNSCC treatment.

FDFT1 repression by piR-39980 prevents oncogenesis by regulating proliferation and apoptosis through hypoxia in tongue squamous cell carcinoma

AIM

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most aggressive tumors whose underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Previous studies have identified piR-39980, a non-coding RNA, as a tumour suppressor or oncogene in different malignancies and the cholesterogenic protein, Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) playing critical roles in cancer. The present study investigates the role of piR-39980, and its target FDFT1, in regulating the malignancy of TSCC.

MAIN METHODS

We performed qRT-PCR to determine the expression of FDFT1, piR-39980 and validated FDFT1 as a target of piR-39980 by dual luciferase assay. Then, to investigate the role of FDFT1 overexpression and piR-39980's inhibitory effect on FDFT1 in TSCC oncogenesis, we carried out MTT, migration, ROS estimation, and flow cytometric cell cycle assays. In addition to the above experiments, we also carried out flow cytometric apoptosis assay, chromatin condensation, γ-H2AX accumulation, and phalloidin staining assays upon overexpression and silencing of piRNA to unveil its mechanism of actions in TSCC malignancy.

KEY FINDINGS

FDFT1 promotes the oncogenesis of TSCC cells. Further, transient overexpression of piR-39980 significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, ROS generation, and colony formation and increased DNA damage and chromatin condensation causing cell death by repressing FDFT1. We conjectured that FDFT1 repression induces hypoxia, which slows DNA repair and accumulates damaged DNA, causing death of TSCC cells.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our study showed FDFT1 acts as an oncogene in TSCC, unlike other cancers, whose repression by a piRNA could prevent oncogenesis by regulating proliferation and apoptosis through hypoxia. This study reveals novel gene-regulatory mechanistic insights into TSCC oncogenesis.