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Mushtaq RT, Wang Y, Bao C, Rehman M, Sharma S, Khan AM, Eldin EMT, Abbas M. Maximizing performance and efficiency in 3D printing of polylactic acid biomaterials: Unveiling of microstructural morphology, and implications of process parameters and modeling of the mechanical strength, surface roughness, print time, and print energy for fused filament fabricated (FFF) bioparts. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129201. [PMID: 38191110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Medical stents, artificial teeth, and grafts are just some of the many applications for additive manufacturing techniques like bio-degradable polylactic acid 3D printing. However, there are drawbacks associated with fused filament fabrication-fabricated objects, including poor surface quality, insufficient mechanical strength, and a lengthy construction time for even a relatively small object. Thus, this study aims to identify the finest polylactic acid 3D printing parameters to maximize print quality while minimizing energy use, print time, flexural and tensile strengths, average surface roughness, and print time, respectively. Specifically, the infill density, printing speed, and layer thickness are all variables that were selected. A full-central-composite design generated 20 samples to test the prediction models' experimental procedures. Validation trial tests were used to show that the experimental findings agreed with the predictions, and analysis of variance was used to verify the importance of the performance characteristics (ANOVA). At layer thickness = 0.26 mm, infill density = 84 %, and print speed = 68.87 mm/s, the following optimized values were measured for PLA: flexural strength = 70.1 MPa, tensile strength = 39.2 MPa, minimum surface roughness = 7.8 μm, print time = 47 min, and print energy = 0.18 kwh. Firms and clinicians may benefit from utilizing the developed, model to better predict the required surface characteristic for various aspects afore trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Tahir Mushtaq
- Bio-Additive Manufacturing University-Enterprise Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Industry Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yanen Wang
- Bio-Additive Manufacturing University-Enterprise Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Industry Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Chengwei Bao
- Bio-Additive Manufacturing University-Enterprise Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Industry Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Control Technology, Xi'an Mingde Institute of Technology, Xi'an 710124, China.
| | - Mudassar Rehman
- Bio-Additive Manufacturing University-Enterprise Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Department of Industry Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Shubham Sharma
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 266520 Qingdao, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lebanese American University, Kraytem, 1102-2801 Beirut, Lebanon; Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland.
| | - Aqib Mashood Khan
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan.
| | - Elsayed M-Tag Eldin
- Faculty of Engineering, Center for Research, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
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Salem MM, Darwish MA, Altarawneh AM, Alibwaini YA, Ghazy R, Hemeda OM, Zhou D, Trukhanova EL, Trukhanov AV, Trukhanov SV, Mostafa M. Investigation of the structure and dielectric properties of doped barium titanates. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3335-3345. [PMID: 38259985 PMCID: PMC10801699 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This work examined the influence of zirconium concentration on barium titanate (BZT) BaZrxTi1-xO3, with (x = 0, 0.15, 0.50, 0.75, and 1), produced by the tartrate precursor technique. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra support the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results regarding formation of the perovskite structure. Grain size grows with Zr concentration, suggesting that the presence of Zr ions enlarges the grains. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images demonstrated that, due to their nano size, nanocrystallites are agglomerated in most images with irregular morphologies and average particle sizes from 20.75 nm to 63.75 nm. Increasing Zr content diminished the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) and the grain size. The value of d33 decreases by increasing Zr content, and there is an inverse relationship between grain size and d33. The remnant polarization of BZT increases with increasing Zr4+ content, which may be suitable for permanent memory device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Salem
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Al-Geish St. Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Moustafa A Darwish
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Al-Geish St. Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Aseel M Altarawneh
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Al-Geish St. Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Yamen A Alibwaini
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Al-Geish St. Tanta 31527 Egypt
- Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Jadara University Irbid 21110 Jordan
| | - Ryad Ghazy
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Al-Geish St. Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Osama M Hemeda
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Al-Geish St. Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Di Zhou
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Ekaterina L Trukhanova
- Smart Sensors Laboratory, Department of Electronic Materials Technology, National University of Science and Technology MISiS Moscow 119049 Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, SSPA "Scientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus" 19, P. Brovki str. Minsk 220072 Belarus
| | - Alex V Trukhanov
- Smart Sensors Laboratory, Department of Electronic Materials Technology, National University of Science and Technology MISiS Moscow 119049 Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, SSPA "Scientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus" 19, P. Brovki str. Minsk 220072 Belarus
| | - Sergei V Trukhanov
- Smart Sensors Laboratory, Department of Electronic Materials Technology, National University of Science and Technology MISiS Moscow 119049 Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, SSPA "Scientific and Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus" 19, P. Brovki str. Minsk 220072 Belarus
| | - Maha Mostafa
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Al-Geish St. Tanta 31527 Egypt
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Nguyen VC, Oliva-Torres V, Bernadet S, Rival G, Richard C, Capsal JF, Cottinet PJ, Le MQ. Haptic Feedback Device Using 3D-Printed Flexible, Multilayered Piezoelectric Coating for In-Car Touchscreen Interface. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1553. [PMID: 37630089 PMCID: PMC10456750 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of a piezoelectric device capable of generating feedback vibrations to the user who manipulates it. The objective here is to explore the possibility of developing a haptic system that can replace physical buttons on the tactile screen of in-car systems. The interaction between the user and the developed device allows completing the feedback loop, where the user's action generates an input signal that is translated and outputted by the device, and then detected and interpreted by the user's haptic sensors and brain. An FEM (finite element model) via ANSYS multiphysics software was implemented to optimize the haptic performance of the wafer structure consisting of a BaTiO3 multilayered piezocomposite coated on a PET transparent flexible substrate. Several parameters relating to the geometric and mechanical properties of the wafer, together with those of the electrodes, are demonstrated to have significant impact on the actuation ability of the haptic device. To achieve the desired vibration effect on the human skin, the haptic system must be able to drive displacement beyond the detection threshold (~2 µm) at a frequency range of 100-700 Hz. The most optimized actuation ability is obtained when the ratio of the dimension (radius and thickness) between the piezoelectric coating and the substrate layer is equal to ~0.6. Regarding the simulation results, it is revealed that the presence of the conductive electrodes provokes a decrease in the displacement by approximately 25-30%, as the wafer structure becomes stiffer. To ensure the minimum displacement generated by the haptic device above 2 µm, the piezoelectric coating is screen-printed by two stacked layers, electrically connected in parallel. This architecture is expected to boost the displacement amplitude under the same electric field (denoted E) subjected to the single-layered coating. Accordingly, multilayered design seems to be a good alternative to enhance the haptic performance while keeping moderate values of E so as to prevent any undesired electrical breakdown of the coating. Practical characterizations confirmed that E=20 V/μm is sufficient to generate feedback vibrations (under a maximum input load of 5 N) perceived by the fingertip. This result confirms the reliability of the proposed haptic device, despite discrepancies between the predicted theory and the real measurements. Lastly, a demonstrator comprising piezoelectric buttons together with electronic command and conditioning circuits are successfully developed, offering an efficient way to create multiple sensations for the user. On the basis of empirical data acquired from several trials conducted on 20 subjects, statistical analyses together with relevant numerical indicators were implemented to better assess the performance of the developed haptic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Cuong Nguyen
- LGEF, INSA-Lyon, EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (V.-C.N.); (V.O.-T.); (G.R.); (C.R.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Victor Oliva-Torres
- LGEF, INSA-Lyon, EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (V.-C.N.); (V.O.-T.); (G.R.); (C.R.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Sophie Bernadet
- Arc en Ciel Sérigraphie, Z.I Le Forestier, 42630 Regny, France;
| | - Guilhem Rival
- LGEF, INSA-Lyon, EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (V.-C.N.); (V.O.-T.); (G.R.); (C.R.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Claude Richard
- LGEF, INSA-Lyon, EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (V.-C.N.); (V.O.-T.); (G.R.); (C.R.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Jean-Fabien Capsal
- LGEF, INSA-Lyon, EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (V.-C.N.); (V.O.-T.); (G.R.); (C.R.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Pierre-Jean Cottinet
- LGEF, INSA-Lyon, EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (V.-C.N.); (V.O.-T.); (G.R.); (C.R.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Minh-Quyen Le
- LGEF, INSA-Lyon, EA682, University Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (V.-C.N.); (V.O.-T.); (G.R.); (C.R.); (J.-F.C.)
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S A, Vidya YS, Manjunatha HC, Prashantha SC, Kottam N, Sridhar KN, Damodara Gupta PS, Mahendrakumar C. Photoluminescence, antibacterial, X-ray/gamma ray absorption, supercapacitor and sensor applications of ZrTiO 4 nanorods. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14782-14796. [PMID: 37197183 PMCID: PMC10184272 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00908d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present communication, ZrTiO4 nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by the solution combustion method using urea (ZTOU) and oxalyl dihydrazide (ODH) (ZTODH) as fuel and calcined at 700 °C. The synthesized samples were characterized with different techniques. Powder X-ray diffraction studies show the presence of diffraction peaks corresponding to ZrTiO4. In addition to these peaks, a few additional peaks corresponding to the monoclinic and cubic phases of ZrO2 and the rutile phase of TiO2 are observed. The surface morphology of ZTOU and ZTODH consists of nanorods with different lengths. The TEM and HRTEM images confirm the formation of nanorods along with NPs, and the estimated crystallite size matches well with that of PXRD. The direct energy band gap was calculated using Wood and Tauc's relation and was found to be 2.7 and 3.2 eV for ZTOU and ZTODH respectively. The photoluminescence emission peaks (λ = 350 nm), CIE and CCT of ZTOU and ZTODH clearly confirm that the present nanophosphor might be a good nanophosphor material for blue or aqua green light emitting diodes. Furthermore, antibacterial activity and a viability test were conducted on two food borne pathogens. The X-ray/gamma ray absorption properties are also studied, which clearly show the ZrTiO4 might be a good absorbing material. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis of ZTOU nanorods shows very good redox peaks compared to that of ZTODH. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, the charge-transfer resistances for prepared nanorods ZTOU and ZTODH are found to be 151.6 Ω, and 184.5 Ω respectively. The modified graphite electrode with ZTOU shows good sensing activity for both paracetamol and ascorbic acid, compared to ZTODH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay S
- Department of Physics, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women Autonomous Malleshwaram Bengaluru 560012 Karnataka India
- Department of Physics, East West Institute of Technology Bengaluru 560091 Karnataka India
| | - Y S Vidya
- Department of Physics, Lal Bahadur Shastri Government First Grade College RT Nagar Bangalore 560032 Karnataka India
| | - H C Manjunatha
- Department of Physics, Government College for Women Kolar 563101 Karnataka India
| | - S C Prashantha
- Department of Physics, East West Institute of Technology Bengaluru 560091 Karnataka India
| | - Nagaraju Kottam
- Department of Chemistry, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University Belguam Bengaluru 560054 Karnataka India
| | - K N Sridhar
- Department of Physics, Government First Grade College Kolar 563101 Karnataka India
| | - P S Damodara Gupta
- Department of Physics, Government College for Women Kolar 563101 Karnataka India
| | - C Mahendrakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Government First Grade College Kolar 563101 Karnataka India
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Diatezo L, Le MQ, Tonellato C, Puig L, Capsal JF, Cottinet PJ. Development and Optimization of 3D-Printed Flexible Electronic Coatings: A New Generation of Smart Heating Fabrics for Automobile Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:762. [PMID: 37420995 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Textile-based Joule heaters in combination with multifunctional materials, fabrication tactics, and optimized designs have changed the paradigm of futuristic intelligent clothing systems, particularly in the automobile field. In the design of heating systems integrated into a car seat, conductive coatings via 3D printing are expected to have further benefits over conventional rigid electrical elements such as a tailored shape and increased comfort, feasibility, stretchability, and compactness. In this regard, we report on a novel heating technique for car seat fabrics based on the use of smart conductive coatings. For easier processes and integration, an extrusion 3D printer is employed to achieve multilayered thin films coated on the surface of the fabric substrate. The developed heater device consists of two principal copper electrodes (so-called power buses) and three identical heating resistors made of carbon composites. Connections between the copper power bus and the carbon resistors are made by means of sub-divide the electrodes, which is critical for electrical-thermal coupling. Finite element models (FEM) are developed to predict the heating behavior of the tested substrates under different designs. It is pointed out that the most optimized design solves important drawbacks of the initial design in terms of temperature regularity and overheating. Full characterizations of the electrical and thermal properties, together with morphological analyses via SEM images, are conducted on different coated samples, making it possible to identify the relevant physical parameters of the materials as well as confirm the printing quality. It is discovered through a combination of FEM and experimental evaluations that the printed coating patterns have a crucial impact on the energy conversion and heating performance. Our first prototype, thanks to many design optimizations, entirely meets the specifications required by the automobile industry. Accordingly, multifunctional materials together with printing technology could offer an efficient heating method for the smart textile industry with significantly improved comfort for both the designer and user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léopold Diatezo
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Minh-Quyen Le
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Lluis Puig
- Company TESCA-Group, 17452 Massanes, Spain
| | - Jean-Fabien Capsal
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Cottinet
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France
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Design Rules of Bidirectional Smart Sensor Coating for Condition Monitoring of Bearings. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040826. [PMID: 36850110 PMCID: PMC9966008 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a novel monitoring technique of bearings' bidirectional load (axial and radial) based on a smart sensor coating, which is screen printed onto the surface of a cross-shaped steel substrate. To ensure the accuracy and stability of measurement as well as the durability of the printed coating, the developed prototype is built according to design rules commonly used in electronic circuits. The finite element model (FEM) is used to predict the mechanical property of the tested substrate under either unidirectional or bidirectional loads. Regarding the output voltage of the piezoelectric sensor, experimental results are revealed to be well-corelated to the numerical simulation. It is pointed out that the output signal generated from the sensor (electrode) could be particularly affected due to the capacitive parasite coming from the conductive tracks (CTs). Such a phenomenon might be reduced by printing them on the dielectric layer rather than on the piezocomposite layer. The study also investigates a highly anisotropic shape of electrodes (rectangular instead of circle), indicating that the orientation of such electrodes (axial or radial) does affect the output measurement. To sum up, the high performance of a sensor network coating depends not only on the ultimate characteristics of its own materials, but also on its structural design. Such an issue has been rarely reported on in the literature, but is nonetheless crucial to achieving reliable condition monitoring of bearings, especially for multidirectional loads-a key signature of early failure detection.
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