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Sunwoo Y, Park J, Choi CY, Shin S, Choi YJ. Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease Associated With Antidiabetics: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med 2024:S0749-3797(24)00140-5. [PMID: 38705542 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia risk is substantially elevated in patients with diabetes. However, evidence on dementia risk associated with various antidiabetic regimens is still limited. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with various antidiabetic classes. METHODS Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2024 (PROSPERO CRD 42022365927). Observational studies investigating dementia and AD incidences after antidiabetic initiation were identified. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed to determine dementia and AD risks associated with antidiabetics. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews-Network Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-NMA) guidelines were followed. Statistical analysis was performed and updated in November 2023 and March 2024, respectively. RESULTS A total of 1,565,245 patients from 16 studies were included. Dementia and AD risks were significantly lower with metformin and sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). Metformin displayed the lowest risk of dementia across diverse antidiabetics, whereas α-glucosidase inhibitors demonstrated the highest risk. SGLT2i exhibited the lowest dementia risk across second-line antidiabetics. Dementia risk was significantly higher with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i), metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones (TZD) compared to SGLT2i in the elderly (≥75 years). Dementia risk associated with metformin was substantially lower, regardless of diabetic complication status or baseline A1C. DISCUSSION Metformin and SGLT2i demonstrated lower dementia risk than other antidiabetic classes. Patient-specific factors may affect this relationship and cautious interpretation is warranted as metformin is typically initiated at an earlier stage with fewer complications. Hence, further large-scaled clinical trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sunwoo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Regulatory Innovation Through Science (IRIS), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Regulatory Innovation Through Science (IRIS), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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Pinheiro FI, Araújo-Filho I, do Rego ACM, de Azevedo EP, Cobucci RN, Guzen FP. Hepatopancreatic metabolic disorders and their implications in the development of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102250. [PMID: 38417711 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Dementia has been faced with significant public health challenges and economic burdens that urges the need to develop safe and effective interventions. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the relationship between dementia and liver and pancreatic metabolic disorders that result in diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Previous reports have shown that there is a plausible correlation between pathologies caused by hepatopancreatic dysfunctions and dementia. Glucose, insulin and IGF-1 metabolized in the liver and pancreas probably have an important influence on the pathophysiology of the most common dementias: Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. This current review highlights recent studies aimed at identifying convergent mechanisms, such as insulin resistance and other diseases, linked to altered hepatic and pancreatic metabolism, which are capable of causing brain changes that ultimately lead to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco I Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Irami Araújo-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Amália C M do Rego
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Institute of Education, Research and Innovation of the Liga Norte Rio-Grandense Against Cancer
| | - Eduardo P de Azevedo
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Cobucci
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Science Applied to Women`s Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fausto P Guzen
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal, RN, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró, Brazil.
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Nucci D, Sommariva A, Degoni LM, Gallo G, Mancarella M, Natarelli F, Savoia A, Catalini A, Ferranti R, Pregliasco FE, Castaldi S, Gianfredi V. Association between Mediterranean diet and dementia and Alzheimer disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:77. [PMID: 38519775 PMCID: PMC10959819 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia affects 5-8% of the population aged over 65 years (~50 million worldwide). Several factors are associated with increased risk, including diet. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has shown potential protective effects against several chronic diseases. AIMS This systematic review with meta-analysis aim was to assess the association between adherence to the MedDiet and the risk of dementia in the elderly. METHODS PRISMA-2020 guidelines were followed. PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were searched on 17 July 2023. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale tool was used to assess the risk of bias. The protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD 42023444368). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of the funnel plot and by Egger's regression asymmetry test. The final effect size was reported as OR or HR, depending on the study design of the included studies. RESULTS Out of 682 records, 21 were included in the analysis. The pooled OR was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.84-0.94) based on 65,955 participants (I2 = 69.94). When only cohort studies were included, HR was 0.84 (95% CI = 0.76-0.94) based on 55,205 participants (I2 = 89.70). When only Alzheimer Disease was considered OR was 0.73 (95% CI = 0.62-0.85) based on 38,292 participants (I2 = 63.85). DISCUSSION Despite the relatively low risk reduction associated with higher adherence to MedDiet among elderly, it should be considered that this population is the most affected. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to MedDiet could be an effective non-pharmacological measure to reduce the burden of dementia, even among elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nucci
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Igiene Alimenti E Nutrizione, Dipartimento Di Igiene E Prevenzione Sanitaria, Azienda Di Tutela Della Salute (ATS) Brescia, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi, 15, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mario Degoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Mancarella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Natarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Savoia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Catalini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60100, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferranti
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Igiene Alimenti E Nutrizione, Dipartimento Di Igiene E Prevenzione Sanitaria, Azienda Di Tutela Della Salute (ATS) Brescia, Via Duca Degli Abruzzi, 15, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Silvana Castaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenza Gianfredi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Campisi M, Cannella L, Celik D, Gabelli C, Gollin D, Simoni M, Ruaro C, Fantinato E, Pavanello S. Mitigating cellular aging and enhancing cognitive functionality: visual arts-mediated Cognitive Activation Therapy in neurocognitive disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1354025. [PMID: 38524114 PMCID: PMC10957554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1354025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing phenomenon of population aging is redefining demographic dynamics, intensifying age-related conditions, especially dementia, projected to triple by 2050 with an enormous global economic burden. This study investigates visual arts-mediated Cognitive Activation Therapy (CAT) as a non-pharmacological CAT intervention targets both biological aging [leukocyte telomere length (LTL), DNA methylation age (DNAmAge)] and cognitive functionality. Aligning with a broader trend of integrating non-pharmacological approaches into dementia care. The longitudinal study involved 20 patients with mild to moderate neurocognitive disorders. Cognitive and functional assessments, and biological aging markers -i.e., LTL and DNAmAge- were analyzed before and after CAT intervention. Change in LTL was positively correlated with days of treatment (p =0.0518). LTL significantly elongated after intervention (p =0.0269), especially in men (p =0.0142), correlating with younger age (p =0.0357), and higher education (p =0.0008). DNAmAge remained instead stable post-treatment. Cognitive and functional improvements were observed for Copy of complex geometric figure, Progressive Silhouettes, Position Discrimination, Communication Activities of Daily Living-Second edition, Direct Functional Status (p < 0.0001) and Object decision (p =0.0594), but no correlations were found between LTL and cognitive gains. Visual arts-mediated CAT effectively mitigates cellular aging, especially in men, by elongating LTL. These findings underscore the potential of non-pharmacological interventions in enhancing cognitive and functional status and general well-being in dementia care. Further research with larger and longer-term studies is essential for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Campisi
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luana Cannella
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Dilek Celik
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Gabelli
- Regional Centre for the Aging Brain (CRIC), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Donata Gollin
- Regional Centre for the Aging Brain (CRIC), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Simoni
- Regional Centre for the Aging Brain (CRIC), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Ruaro
- Regional Centre for the Aging Brain (CRIC), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Fantinato
- Regional Centre for the Aging Brain (CRIC), University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Yamamoto K, Miyano K, Fujita M, Kurata W, Ohta H, Matsumoto K, Chiba M. Changes in cognitive ability and serum microRNA levels during aging in mice. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:120. [PMID: 38361521 PMCID: PMC10867737 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an early stage that can result in dementia. MCI can be reversed, and diagnosis at an early stage is crucial to control the progression to dementia. Dementia is currently diagnosed based on interviews and screening tests; however, novel biomarkers must be identified to allow early MCI detection. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify novel biomarkers in the form of blood microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) for the diagnosis of MCI or early dementia. Blood samples were collected from C57BL/6NJcl male mice at four time points, including 4-week-old (4W), 8-week-old (8W), 36-week-old (36W) and 58-week-old (58W), and serum was isolated. Body weight and blood total cholesterol levels were increased, and blood alkaline phosphatase was decreased with aging. The 8W mice exhibited the highest cognitive ability in the Morris water maze test, whereas the 58W mice demonstrated decreased cognitive ability. The serum RNA concentrations of the 4W, 8W, 36W and 58W mice demonstrated no significant differences. Furthermore, small RNA levels were detected in the serum of all mice. miRNA microarray analysis revealed a >1.5-fold increase in the serum expression of two miRNAs (miR-21a-5p and miR-92a-3p) and a >1.5-fold decrease in the serum expression of two other miRNAs (miR-6769b-5p and miR-709) in 58W mice compared with those in 8W mice. In the future, we aim to further analyze aged mice to discover novel MCI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kohta Miyano
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Minami Fujita
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Wakana Kurata
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ohta
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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Wang XL, Feng HL, Xu XZ, Liu J, Han X. Relationship between cognitive function and weight-adjusted waist index in people ≥ 60 years old in NHANES 2011-2014. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:30. [PMID: 38334839 PMCID: PMC10857983 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread attention has been given to the detrimental effects of obesity on cognitive function. However, there is no evidence on the connection between low cognitive performance and the WWI (weight-adjusted waist index). This study looked into the connection between poor cognitive performance and the WWI in senior Americans. METHODS A cross-sectional research study was carried out with information from the NHANES 2011-2014. With multivariate linear regression models, the pertinence between the WWI and low cognitive function in persons older than 60 years was examined. The nonlinear link was described using threshold effect analyses and fitted smoothed curves. Interaction tests and subgroup analysis were also conducted. RESULTS The study had 2762 individuals in all, and subjects with higher WWI values were at greater risk for low cognitive function. In the completely adjusted model, the WWI was positively connected with low cognitive performance assessed by CERAD W-L (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.45, p = 0.0239), AFT (OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.09-1.54, p = 0.0029), and DSST (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.30-1.94, p < 0.0001). The effect of each subgroup on the positive correlation between the WWI and low cognitive performance was not significant. The WWI and low cognitive performance as determined by CERAD W-L and AFT had a nonlinear connection (log-likelihood ratio < 0.05). CONCLUSION Among older adults in the United States, the risk of low cognitive performance may be positively related to the WWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Wang
- First Clinic Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Lin Feng
- First Clinic Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Zhuo Xu
- First Clinic Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- First Clinic Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Han
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, China.
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Sârbu F, Lungu M, Oprea VD, Romila A. Early depressive manifestations in patients with dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:56. [PMID: 38234622 PMCID: PMC10790160 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the complex interplay between depression and dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease revealed that early-life depression is a risk factor for dementia. Both depression and dementia appear to share common etiopathological mechanisms. In the present study, a comprehensive retrospective analysis was performed on a study group of patients with dementia suffering from previously diagnosed depression. The aim was to assess potentially relevant clinical and imaging parameters that can be used to characterize depression as a risk factor for dementia in later life. Statistically significant data correlating cognitive scores with the moment of depression onset and the length of time period to the diagnosis of dementia were identified. Furthermore, at the moment of depression diagnosis, structural cerebral alterations tended to appear more frequently in women compared with men. However, this sex-associated difference is not maintained after the moment of dementia diagnosis. Results from the present study contributed additional data to the evidence supporting a relationship between a history of depression and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease, discussing relevant clinical and imaging parameters featured in patients with dementia and their inter-relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Sârbu
- Elisabeta Doamna Psychiatric Hospital of Galati, 800179 Galați, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 800216 Galati, Romania
| | - Mihaela Lungu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 800216 Galati, Romania
- St. Apostle Andrei, Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Violeta Diana Oprea
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 800216 Galati, Romania
- St. Apostle Andrei, Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Aurelia Romila
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 800216 Galati, Romania
- St. Apostle Andrei, Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Rudakova EV, Boltneva NP, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Timokhina EN, Serkov IV, Proshin AN, Soldatova YV, Poletaeva DA, Faingold II, Mumyatova VA, Terentiev AA, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Combining Experimental and Computational Methods to Produce Conjugates of Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Pharmacophores with Linker Chemistries Affecting Biological Activities Related to Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2024; 29:321. [PMID: 38257233 PMCID: PMC10820264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are in great demand worldwide. In our previous work, we responded to this need by synthesizing novel drug candidates consisting of 4-amino-2,3-polymethylenequinolines conjugated with butylated hydroxytoluene via fixed-length alkylimine or alkylamine linkers (spacers) and studying their bioactivities pertaining to AD treatment. Here, we report significant extensions of these studies, including the use of variable-length spacers and more detailed biological characterizations. Conjugates were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, the most active was 17d IC50 15.1 ± 0.2 nM) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, the most active was 18d: IC50 5.96 ± 0.58 nM), with weak inhibition of off-target carboxylesterase. Conjugates with alkylamine spacers were more effective cholinesterase inhibitors than alkylimine analogs. Optimal inhibition for AChE was exhibited by cyclohexaquinoline and for BChE by cycloheptaquinoline. Increasing spacer length elevated the potency against both cholinesterases. Structure-activity relationships agreed with docking results. Mixed-type reversible AChE inhibition, dual docking to catalytic and peripheral anionic sites, and propidium iodide displacement suggested the potential of hybrids to block AChE-induced β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation. Hybrids also exhibited the inhibition of Aβ self-aggregation in the thioflavin test; those with a hexaquinoline ring and C8 spacer were the most active. Conjugates demonstrated high antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays as well as the inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation in mouse brain homogenates. Quantum-chemical calculations explained antioxidant results. Computed ADMET profiles indicated favorable blood-brain barrier permeability, suggesting the CNS activity potential. Thus, the conjugates could be considered promising multifunctional agents for the potential treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana Y. Astakhova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Elena N. Timokhina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Yuliya V. Soldatova
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Darya A. Poletaeva
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Irina I. Faingold
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Viktoriya A. Mumyatova
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Alexey A. Terentiev
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (Y.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (I.I.F.); (V.A.M.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (E.V.R.); (N.P.B.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Azmi MB, Ahmed A, Ahmed TF, Imtiaz F, Asif U, Zaman U, Khan KA, Sherwani AK. Transcript-Level In Silico Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Gene Biomarkers and Their Evaluation with Bioactive Flavonoids to Explore Therapeutic Interactions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40695-40712. [PMID: 37929088 PMCID: PMC10621018 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder that can significantly affect the quality of life. We used a variety of in silico tools to investigate the transcript-level mutational impact of exonic missense rare variations (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) on protein function and to identify potential druggable protein cavities that correspond to potential therapeutic targets for the management of AD. According to the NIA-AA (National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association) framework, we selected three AD biomarker genes (APP, NEFL, and MAPT). We systematically screened transcript-level exonic rare SNPs from these genes with a minor allele frequency of 1% in 1KGD (1000 Genomes Project Database) and gnomAD (Genome Aggregation Database). With downstream functional effect predictions, a single variation (rs182024939: K > N) of the MAPT gene with nine transcript SNPs was identified as the most pathogenic variation from the large dataset of mutations. The machine learning consensus classifier predictor categorized these transcript-level SNPs as the most deleterious variations, resulting in a large decrease in protein structural stability (ΔΔG kcal/mol). The bioactive flavonoid library was screened for drug-likeness and toxicity risk. Virtual screening of eligible flavonoids was performed using the MAPT protein. Identification of druggable protein-binding cavities showed VAL305, GLU655, and LYS657 as consensus-interacting residues present in the MAPT-docked top-ranked flavonoid compounds. The MM/PB(GB)SA analysis indicated hesperetin (-5.64 kcal/mol), eriodictyol (-5.63 kcal/mol), and sakuranetin (-5.60 kcal/mol) as the best docked flavonoids with the near-native binding pose. The findings of this study provide important insights into the potential of hesperetin as a promising flavonoid that can be utilized for further rational drug design and lead optimization to open new gateways in the field of AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Azmi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74400, Pakistan
| | - Affan Ahmed
- Dow
Medical College, Dow University of Health
Sciences, Karachi 74400, Pakistan
| | - Tehniat Faraz Ahmed
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75460, Pakistan
| | - Fauzia Imtiaz
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow Medical College, Dow
University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74400, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Asif
- Department
of Biochemistry, Medicine Program, Batterjee
Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uzma Zaman
- Department
of Biochemistry, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Unit of Bee
Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials
Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Applied
College, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asif Khan Sherwani
- Research
and Development Unit, Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals
Co. Ltd, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Yang S, Ye Z, Liu M, Zhang Y, Gan X, Wu Q, Zhou C, He P, Zhang Y, Qin X. Variety and Duration of Different Sedentary Behaviors, Inflammation, Genetic Susceptibility, and New-Onset Dementia in the Older Population. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023; 24:1396-1404. [PMID: 37451311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the relationship of the variety and duration of different sedentary behaviors (TV-watching, driving, and nonoccupational computer use) with the risk of dementia in older participants, and examine whether inflammation and genetic susceptibility may modify the relationship. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 173,829 older participants (≥60 years) without prior dementia in the UK Biobank were enrolled. METHODS A healthy sedentary behavior score was calculated as the number of the 3 major sedentary behaviors with a duration associated with the lowest risk of dementia. The primary outcome was new-onset all-cause dementia. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12.4 years, 4965 (2.9%) participants developed new-onset dementia. There were U-shaped associations for TV-watching and driving time, and a reversed J-shaped association for nonoccupational computer use time with new-onset all-cause dementia, with the lowest dementia risk at >0-<2 hours/day for all the 3 sedentary behaviors. Moreover, a higher healthy sedentary behavior score was significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause dementia (per 1 score increment: hazard ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.75-0.81), with a stronger inverse association in those with higher levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and monocytes (both P-interactions <.05). Genetic risks of dementia did not significantly modify the association. Similar trends were found for new-onset Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The associations between the duration of different sedentary behaviors and new-onset dementia were different in the older population. Moreover, the variety of sedentary behavior was inversely associated with new-onset dementia, especially among those with higher levels of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziliang Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Gan
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qimeng Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panpan He
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Cantone M. Molecular Mechanisms of Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13027. [PMID: 37685834 PMCID: PMC10487875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The various forms of dementia and the other neurodegenerative disorders that affect memory, cognition, and behavior have become a public health priority across the developed world [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Neurology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital "G. Rodolico-San Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
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12
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Błaszczyk JW. Metabolites of Life: Phosphate. Metabolites 2023; 13:860. [PMID: 37512567 PMCID: PMC10385453 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of aging and escalating the failure of all body organs has become the center of interest in contemporary science and medicine. The leading role of phosphate-calcium tandem deficiency as a pacemaker of metabolic senescence has emerged recently. Most of the phosphates in the human body are stored in the bones, which seem to play a pivotal role in all metabolic and energetic processes. Bone metabolism combines physical activity with adaptive changes in the internal environment of the body, which is necessary for its survival. Phosphate-calcium signaling is the primary mechanism for controlling homeostasis and its recovery after exercise-induced disorders. Phosphates play an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism both by regulating postprandial glucose storage in the muscles and in the liver, as well as the distribution and adaptation of energy metabolites to the needs of the brain and skeletal muscles. The bone-driven energy metabolism is of decisive importance for maintaining all vital functions of the body organs, including their proper functioning and integrated interplay. The phosphate-calcium tandem contributes to the development and proper functioning of the organism, whereas energy dysmetabolism is the main cause of aging and the final termination of life.
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13
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Thermogenic Capacity of Human Supraclavicular Brown Fat and Cold-Stimulated Brain Glucose Metabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030387. [PMID: 36984827 PMCID: PMC10055954 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brain metabolism is susceptible to temperature changes. It has been suggested that the supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (BAT) protects the brain from these fluctuations by regulating heat production through the presence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). It remains unsolved whether inter-individual variation in the expression of UCP-1, which represents the thermogenic capacity of the supraclavicular BAT, is linked with brain metabolism during cold stress. Ten healthy human participants underwent 18F-FDG PET scanning of the brain under cold stimulus to determine brain glucose uptake (BGU). On a separate day, an excision biopsy of the supraclavicular fat—the fat proximal to the carotid arteries supplying the brain with warm blood—was performed to determine the mRNA expression of the thermogenic protein UCP-1. Expression of UCP-1 in supraclavicular BAT was directly related to the whole brain glucose uptake rate determined under cold stimulation (rho = 0.71, p = 0.03). In sub-compartmental brain analysis, UCP-1 expression in supraclavicular BAT was directly related to cold-stimulated glucose uptake rates in the hypothalamus, medulla, midbrain, limbic system, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and parietal lobe (all rho ≥ 0.67, p < 0.05). These relationships were independent of body mass index and age. When analysing gene expressions of BAT secretome, we found a positive correlation between cold-stimulated BGU and DIO2. These findings provide evidence of functional links between brain metabolism under cold stimulation and UCP-1 and DIO2 expressions in BAT in humans. More research is needed to evaluate the importance of these findings in clinical outcomes, for instance, in examining the supporting role of BAT in cognitive functions under cold stress.
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14
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Fields M, Marcuzzi A, Gonelli A, Celeghini C, Maximova N, Rimondi E. Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants, an Innovative Class of Antioxidant Compounds for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Perspectives and Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043739. [PMID: 36835150 PMCID: PMC9960436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a wide spectrum of pathologies characterized by progressive loss of neuronal functions and structures. Despite having different genetic backgrounds and etiology, in recent years, many studies have highlighted a point of convergence in the mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration: mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been observed in different pathologies, and their detrimental effects on neurons contribute to the exacerbation of the pathological phenotype at various degrees. In this context, increasing relevance has been acquired by antioxidant therapies, with the purpose of restoring mitochondrial functions in order to revert the neuronal damage. However, conventional antioxidants were not able to specifically accumulate in diseased mitochondria, often eliciting harmful effects on the whole body. In the last decades, novel, precise, mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (MTA) compounds have been developed and studied, both in vitro and in vivo, to address the need to counter the oxidative stress in mitochondria and restore the energy supply and membrane potentials in neurons. In this review, we focus on the activity and therapeutic perspectives of MitoQ, SkQ1, MitoVitE and MitoTEMPO, the most studied compounds belonging to the class of MTA conjugated to lipophilic cations, in order to reach the mitochondrial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fields
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Celeghini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Natalia Maximova
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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