Bioactive and Sensory Di- and Tripeptides Generated during Dry-Curing of Pork Meat

Current trends and perspectives on salty and salt taste-enhancing peptides: A focus on preparation, evaluation and perception mechanisms of salt taste

Long-term excessive intake of sodium negatively impacts human health. Effective strategies to reduce sodium content in foods include the use of salty and salt taste-enhancing peptides, which can reduce sodium intake without compromising the flavor or salt taste. Salty and salt taste-enhancing peptides naturally exist in various foods and predominantly manifest as short-chain peptides consisting of < 10 amino acids. These peptides are primarily produced through chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis methods, purified, and identified using ultrafiltration + gel filtration chromatography + liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This study reviews the latest developments in these purification and identification technologies, and discusses methods to evaluate their effectiveness in saltiness perception. Additionally, the study explores four biological channels potentially involved in saltiness perception (epithelial sodium channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), and transmembrane channel-like 4 (TMC4)), with the latter three primarily functioning under high sodium levels. Among the channels, salty taste-enhancing peptides, such as γ-glutamyl peptides, may co-activate the CaSR channel with calcium ions to participate in saltiness perception. Salty taste-enhancing peptides with negatively charged amino acid side chains or terminal groups may replace chloride ions and activate the TMC4 channel, contributing to saltiness perception. Finally, the study discusses the feasibility of using these peptides from the perspectives of food material constraints, processing adaptability, multifunctional application, and cross-modal interaction while emphasizing the importance of utilizing computational technology. This review provides a reference for advancing the development and application of salty and salt-enhancing peptides as sodium substitutes in low-sodium food formulations.

Effect of staphylococci fermentation and their synergistic Lactobacillus on the physicochemical characteristics and nonvolatile metabolites of Chinese bacon

The impacts of Staphylococcus cohnii, S. saprophyticus and their synergistic Lactobacillus plantarum on the quality and flavor of Chinese bacon were investigated by monitoring the physicochemical characteristics and characterizing metabolites with non-targeted metabolomics. Results showed that S. cohnii could increase the tenderness and decrease the oxidation of muscle, while S. saprophyticus stabilized the springiness and increased the proteolysis. The metabolites produced by the co-fermentation of S. cohnii and S. saprophyticus showed a higher hierarchy, then exhibited the highest hierarchy in synergy with L. plantarum. The promising flavor may be related to the arginine biosynthesis, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism pathways. Staphylococcus contributed to flavor by promoting the accumulation of di- and tripeptides and activating the amino acid metabolic pathway through arginine metabolism. These findings provide thoughts for understanding the fermentation mechanism of Staphylococcus and the targeted modulation of the flavor of Chinese bacon.

BitterMasS: Predicting Bitterness from Mass Spectra

Bitter compounds are common in nature and among drugs. Previously, machine learning tools were developed to predict bitterness from the chemical structure. However, known structures are estimated to represent only 5-10% of the metabolome, and the rest remain unassigned or "dark". We present BitterMasS, a Random Forest classifier that was trained on 5414 experimental mass spectra of bitter and nonbitter compounds, achieving precision = 0.83 and recall = 0.90 for an internal test set. Next, the model was tested against spectra newly extracted from the literature 106 bitter and nonbitter compounds and for additional spectra measured for 26 compounds. For these external test cases, BitterMasS exhibited 67% precision and 93% recall for the first and 58% accuracy and 99% recall for the second. The spectrum-bitterness prediction strategy was more effective than the spectrum-structure-bitterness prediction strategy and covered more compounds. These encouraging results suggest that BitterMasS can be used to predict bitter compounds in the metabolome without the need for structural assignment of individual molecules. This may enable identification of bitter compounds from metabolomics analyses, for comparing potential bitterness levels obtained by different treatments of samples and for monitoring bitterness changes overtime.

Characterization of the Effects of Low-Sodium Salt Substitution on Sensory Quality, Protein Oxidation, and Hydrolysis of Air-Dried Chicken Meat and Its Molecular Mechanisms Based on Tandem Mass Tagging-Labeled Quantitative Proteomics

The effects of low-sodium salt mixture substitution on the sensory quality, protein oxidation, and hydrolysis of air-dried chicken and its molecular mechanisms were investigated based on tandem mass tagging (TMT) quantitative proteomics. The composite salt formulated with 1.6% KCl, 0.8% MgCl2, and 5.6% NaCl was found to improve the freshness and texture quality scores. Low-sodium salt mixture substitution significantly decreased the carbonyl content (1.52 nmol/mg), surface hydrophobicity (102.58 μg), and dimeric tyrosine content (2.69 A.U.), and significantly increased the sulfhydryl content (74.46 nmol/mg) and tryptophan fluorescence intensity, suggesting that protein oxidation was inhibited. Furthermore, low-sodium salt mixture substitution significantly increased the protein hydrolysis index (0.067), and cathepsin B and L activities (102.13 U/g and 349.25 U/g), suggesting that protein hydrolysis was facilitated. The correlation results showed that changes in the degree of protein hydrolysis and protein oxidation were closely related to sensory quality. TMT quantitative proteomics indicated that the degradation of myosin and titin as well as changes in the activities of the enzymes, CNDP2, DPP7, ABHD12B, FADH2A, and AASS, were responsible for the changes in the taste quality. In addition, CNDP2, ALDH1A1, and NMNAT1 are key enzymes that reduce protein oxidation. Overall, KCl and MgCl2 composite salt substitution is an effective method for producing low-sodium air-dried chicken.

Revealing the Sequence Characteristics and Molecular Mechanisms of ACE Inhibitory Peptides by Comprehensive Characterization of 160,000 Tetrapeptides

Chronic diseases, such as hypertension, cause great harm to human health. Conventional drugs have promising therapeutic effects, but also cause significant side effects. Food-sourced angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides are an excellent therapeutic alternative to pharmaceuticals, as they have fewer side effects. However, there is no systematic and effective screening method for ACE inhibitory peptides, and the lack of understanding of the sequence characteristics and molecular mechanism of these inhibitory peptides poses a major obstacle to the development of ACE inhibitory peptides. Through systematically calculating the binding effects of 160,000 tetrapeptides with ACE by molecular docking, we found that peptides with Tyr, Phe, His, Arg, and especially Trp were the characteristic amino acids of ACE inhibitory peptides. The tetrapeptides of WWNW, WRQF, WFRV, YYWK, WWDW, and WWTY rank in the top 10 peptides exhibiting significantly high ACE inhibiting behaviors, with IC₅₀ values between 19.98 ± 8.19 μM and 36.76 ± 1.32 μM. Salt bridges, π-π stacking, π-cations, and hydrogen bonds contributed to the high binding characteristics of the inhibitors and ACE. Introducing eight Trp into rabbit skeletal muscle protein (no Trp in wide sequence) endowed the protein with a more than 90% ACE inhibition rate, further suggesting that meat with a high content of Trp could have potential utility in hypertension regulation. This study provides a clear direction for the development and screening of ACE inhibitory peptides.