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Cale JA, Chauhan EJ, Cleaver JJ, Fusciardi AR, McCann S, Waters HC, Žavbi J, King MV. GABAergic and inflammatory changes in the frontal cortex following neonatal PCP plus isolation rearing, as a dual-hit neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6968-6983. [PMID: 38363536 PMCID: PMC11339149 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia begins in early neurodevelopment and leads to excitatory-inhibitory imbalance. It is therefore essential that preclinical models used to understand disease, select drug targets and evaluate novel therapeutics encompass similar neurochemical deficits. One approach to improved preclinical modelling incorporates dual-hit neurodevelopmental insults, like neonatal administration of phencyclidine (PCP, to disrupt development of glutamatergic circuitry) then post-weaning isolation (Iso, to mimic adolescent social stress). We recently showed that male Lister-hooded rats exposed to PCP-Iso exhibit reduced hippocampal expression of the GABA interneuron marker calbindin. The current study expanded on this by investigating changes to additional populations of GABAergic interneurons in frontal cortical and hippocampal tissue from the same animals (by immunohistochemistry) as well as levels of GABA itself (via ELISA). Because inflammatory changes are also implicated in schizophrenia, we performed additional immunohistochemical evaluations of Iba-1 positive microglia as well as ELISA analysis of IL-6 in the same brain regions. Single-hit isolation-reared and dual-hit PCP-Iso rats both showed reduced parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the prelimbic/infralimbic region of the frontal cortex. However, this was more widespread in PCP-Iso, extending to the medial/ventral and lateral/dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortices. Loss of GABAergic markers was accompanied by increased microglial activation in the medial/ventral orbitofrontal cortices of PCP-Iso, together with frontal cortical IL-6 elevations not seen following single-hit isolation rearing. These findings enhance the face validity of PCP-Iso, and we advocate the use of this preclinical model for future evaluation of novel therapeutics-especially those designed to normalise excitatory-inhibitory imbalance or reduce neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Cale
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ethan J Chauhan
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Joshua J Cleaver
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anthoio R Fusciardi
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sophie McCann
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hannah C Waters
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Juš Žavbi
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Madeleine V King
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Kubisiak M, Asendrych-Wicik K, Kołodziejczyk M, Grzelińska J, Fabijańska M, Pietrzak T. Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics-A Review on Formulation and In Vitro Dissolution. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 38258037 PMCID: PMC10820045 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-acting injectable (LAI) neuroleptics constitute an effective therapeutical alternative for individuals suffering from persistent mental illness. These injectable pharmaceuticals help patients manage their condition better and improve long-term outcomes by preventing relapses and improving compliance. This review aims to analyse the current formulation aspects of LAI neuroleptics, with particular emphasis on analysis of drug release profiles as a critical test to guarantee drug quality and relevant therapeutical activity. While there is no officially approved procedure for depot parenteral drug formulations, various dissolution tests which were developed by LAI manufacturers are described. In vitro dissolution tests also possess a critical function in the estimation of the in vivo performance of a drug formulation. For that reason, thorough inspection of the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Kubisiak
- Liquid Dosage Form Laboratory, Research and Development Department, Polfa Warszawa S.A., Karolkowa 22/24, 01-207 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (K.A.-W.); (J.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Asendrych-Wicik
- Liquid Dosage Form Laboratory, Research and Development Department, Polfa Warszawa S.A., Karolkowa 22/24, 01-207 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (K.A.-W.); (J.G.); (T.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Grzelińska
- Liquid Dosage Form Laboratory, Research and Development Department, Polfa Warszawa S.A., Karolkowa 22/24, 01-207 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (K.A.-W.); (J.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Fabijańska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Pietrzak
- Liquid Dosage Form Laboratory, Research and Development Department, Polfa Warszawa S.A., Karolkowa 22/24, 01-207 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (K.A.-W.); (J.G.); (T.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Rabeh N, Hajjar B, Maraka JO, Sammanasunathan AF, Khan M, Alkhaaldi SMI, Mansour S, Almheiri RT, Hamdan H, Abd-Elrahman KS. Targeting mGluR group III for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115733. [PMID: 37862967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is essential for neuronal function, and it acts on ionotropic or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). A disturbance in glutamatergic signaling is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. Developing disease-modifying treatments for neurodegenerative diseases targeting glutamate receptors is a promising avenue. The understudied group III mGluR 4, 6-8 are commonly found in the presynaptic membrane, and their activation inhibits glutamate release. Thus, targeted mGluRs therapies could aid in treating neurodegenerative diseases. This review describes group III mGluRs and their pharmacological ligands in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. Attempts to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in clinical trials are also discussed. Despite a growing list of group III mGluR-specific pharmacological ligands, research on the use of these drugs in neurodegenerative diseases is limited, except for Parkinson's disease. Future efforts should focus on delineating the contribution of group III mGluR to neurodegeneration and developing novel ligands with superior efficacy and a favorable side effect profile for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rabeh
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Baraa Hajjar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jude O Maraka
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashwin F Sammanasunathan
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Khan
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif M I Alkhaaldi
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samy Mansour
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rashed T Almheiri
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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