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Yang X, Zhang B, Ruan J, Duanmu K, Chen W. Palladium-Catalyzed Allylation of Endocyclic 1-Azaallyl Anions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8896-8905. [PMID: 38856706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Endocyclic 1-azaallyl anions engage allyl acetates in a palladium-catalyzed allylation followed by reduction to give unprotected 2-(hetero)aryl-3-allylpiperidines and 2-allyl-3-arylmorpholines, products not easily accessible by other means. The allyl group is then readily transformed into a variety of functional groups. Preliminary studies on the asymmetric variant of the reaction using an enantiomerically pure BI-DIME-type ligand provide the product with moderate enantioselectivity. Computational studies suggest that energy barriers of inner-sphere reductive elimination and outer-sphere nucleophilic substitution are almost the same, which makes both of them possible reaction pathways. In addition, the inner-sphere mechanism displays an enantiodiscriminating C-C bond forming step, while the outer-sphere mechanism is much less selective, which combined to give the asymmetric variant of the reaction moderate enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Ruan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Kaining Duanmu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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Liu N, Li M, Pang H, Tiantian T, Li X, Su Y, Jin M, Wu H, Qian C, Sun M. Bioinformatics-driven discovery of silica nanoparticles induces apoptosis and renal damage via the unfolded protein response in NRK-52E cells and rat kidney. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107816. [PMID: 38064850 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are nanomaterials with widespread applications in drug delivery and disease diagnosis. Despite their utility, SiNPs can cause chronic kidney disease, hindering their clinical translation. The molecular mechanisms underlying SiNP-induced renal toxicity are complex and require further investigation. To address this challenge, we employed bioinformatics tools to predict the potential mechanisms underlying renal damage caused by SiNPs. We identified 1627 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1334 downregulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network revealed that SiNP-induced renal damage is associated with apoptosis. Subsequently, we verified that SiNPs induced apoptosis in an in vitro model of NRK-52E cells via the unfolded protein response (UPR) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in an in vivo rat model, high-dose SiNP administration via tracheal drip caused hyalinization of the renal tubules, renal interstitial lymphocytic infiltration, and collagen fiber accumulation. Concurrently, we observed an increase in UPR-related protein levels at the onset of renal damage. Thus, our study confirmed that SiNPs induce apoptosis and renal damage through the UPR, adding to the theoretical understanding of SiNP-related kidney damage and offering a potential target for preventing and treating kidney injuries in SiNP clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimeng Liu
- Breast Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Tian Tiantian
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Yanchi Su
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, No.2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Minghua Jin
- School of Public Health Jilin University, NO.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Chuyue Qian
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
| | - Mindan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Street Xinmin 1, Changchun, China.
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Gharoonpour A, Simiyari D, Yousefzadeh A, Badragheh F, Rahmati M. Autophagy modulation in breast cancer utilizing nanomaterials and nanoparticles. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1150492. [PMID: 37213283 PMCID: PMC10196239 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1150492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy regenerates cellular nutrients, recycles metabolites, and maintains hemostasis through multistep signaling pathways, in conjunction with lysosomal degradation mechanisms. In tumor cells, autophagy has been shown to play a dual role as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter, leading to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies for cancer. Therefore, regulation of autophagy is essential during cancer progression. In this regard, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising technique in the clinic to modulate autophagy pathways. Here, we summarized the importance of breast cancer worldwide, and we discussed its classification, current treatment strategies, and the strengths and weaknesses of available treatments. We have also described the application of NPs and nanocarriers (NCs) in breast cancer treatment and their capability to modulate autophagy. Then the advantages and disadvantaged of NPs in cancer therapy along with future applications will be disscussed. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information on NPs used in breast cancer treatment and their impacts on autophagy pathways for researchers.
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